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Feb 1, 2018 · Introduction. Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. Genetic ...
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Introduction. Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or...
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Mar 31, 2020 · Main conclusion While transgenic technology has heralded a new era in crop improvement, several concerns have precluded their widespread acceptance. Alternative technologies, such as cisgenesis and genome-editing may address many of such issues and facilitate the development of genetically engineered crop varieties with multiple favourable traits. Abstract Genetic engineering and plant ...
- Krishan Kumar, Geetika Gambhir, Abhishek Dass, Amit Kumar Tripathi, Alla Singh, Abhishek Kumar Jha, ...
- 2020
Genetic modification in plants was first recorded 10,000 years ago in Southwest Asia where humans first bred plants through artificial selection and selective breeding. Since then, advancements in agriculture science and technology have brought about the current GM crop revolution. GM crops are promising to mitigate current and future problems ...
- Ruchir Raman
- 2017
- What are GM crops?
- Which GM crops are grown in Colorado?
- What are potential GM crops of the future?
- How are GM crops regulated in the U.S.?
- Besides GM crops, are there other GM ingredients in our food supply?
- How does GM technology differ from other plant breeding techniques?
- The shared DNA code
- What is inserted into a GM plant?
- How are transgenes inserted?
- How are whole plants obtained from plant cells or tissues?
- What happens next?
The term genetically modified (GM), as it is commonly used, refers to the transfer of genes between organisms using a series of laboratory techniques for cloning genes, splicing DNA segments together, and inserting genes into cells. Collectively, these techniques are known as recombinant DNA technology. Other terms used for GM plants or foods deriv...
Corn, alfalfa, and sugar beet are the major GM crops grown in Colorado, but smaller areas of soybeans and canola are also planted. The corn, alfalfa, and soybean crops are nearly all used as livestock feed. Sugar beet is used to extract and purify sugar, and canola is used mostly for edible oil. All GM seeds are targeted to commercial growers; no v...
Some potential applications of GM crop technology are: Nutritional enhancement: Higher vitamin content; more healthful fatty acid profiles; Stress tolerance: Tolerance to high and low temperatures, salinity, and drought; Disease resistance: For example, orange trees resistant to citrus greening disease or American chestnut trees resistant to fungal...
Three U.S. government entities have authority to regulate GM crops: the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They do not, however, individually regulate all GM crops. For example, USDA is involved in approving the field release of most GM plants, but E...
No GM food animals have yet been approved in the U.S., although a GM salmon engineered for rapid growth is under review. GM microorganisms are used to produce rennin for production of cheese and GM yeast has been approved for winemaking .
The era of scientific crop improvement dates back to around 1900, when the impact of Gregor Mendel’s studies on trait inheritance in peas became widely recognized. Since then, a broad range of techniques has been developed to improve crop yields, quality, and resistance to disease, insects, and environmental stress. Most plant breeding programs rel...
Most organisms store their genetic information in the form of DNA molecules in chromosomes. The sequence of chemical bases in a DNA strand encodes a specific order of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins carry out many functions in cells and tissues, which together are responsible for an organism’s characteristics. Becau...
The inserted DNA fragment contains one or a few genes, which contain the DNA sequence information encoding specific proteins, along with DNA segments that regulate production of the proteins. The inserted fragment also sometimes contains a marker gene to easily identify plants that have incorporated the transferred genes, also known as transgenes, ...
There are two principal methods for transgene insertion: Gene gun: In this method, microscopic pellets of gold or tungsten are coated with the transgene fragment and shot at high velocity into plant cells or tissues. In a small proportion of cases, the pellet will pass through the cells and the DNA fragment will remain behind and become incorporate...
Insertion of transgenes is generally an ineficient process, with only a few percent of plant cells or tissues successfully integrating the foreign gene. Various strategies are used to identify the small percentage of cells/tissues that have actually been transformed. The next step is to develop those cells or tissues into whole plants capable of pr...
The crop developers then begin a long series of evaluations to determine that the gene has been incorporated successfully, that it is inherited in a stable and predictable manner, that the desired trait is expressed to the expected level, and that the plant does not show any negative efects. Evaluations are initially done in controlled greenhouses ...
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Nov 8, 2022 · It has resulted in the development of crops with enhanced yields, quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. With the advent of introducing favorable traits into crops, biotechnology has created a path for the involvement of genetically modified (GM) crops into sustainable food production systems.
- 10.3389/fpls.2022.1027828
- 2022
- Front Plant Sci. 2022; 13: 1027828.
Genetically modified crops pos-sess one or more useful traits, such as, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, disease resistance, and nutritional improvement. To date, nearly 525 diferent transgenic events in 32 crops have been approved for cultivation in diferent parts of the world.
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Feb 23, 2021 · Transgenic crops for the agricultural improvement in Pakistan: a perspective of environmental stresses and the current status of genetically modified crops. GM Crops Food 11, 1–29. doi: 10.1080/21645698.2019.1680078
