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Electric charges are measured in Coulombs, abbreviated C. The fundamental charge, e e is given by: e ≡ 1.602 ×10−19 C (11.2.1) (11.2.1) e ≡ 1.602 × 10 − 19 C. The electron, e− e −, has a charge of q = −e = −1.6 ×10−19 C q = − e = − 1.6 × 10 − 19 C .
Aug 19, 2023 · A cell membrane is a thin layer enveloping a cell. The thickness of the membrane is much less than the size of the cell. In a static situation the membrane has a charge distribution of − 2.5 × 10 − 6C / m2 on its inner surface and + 2.5 × 10 − 6C / m2 on its outer surface. Draw a diagram of the cell and the surrounding cell membrane.
- Overview
- Charge
- Force between charges: Coulomb's Law of electric force
- The Electric Constant, ϵ0 , the permittivity of free space
- Example: three point charges
- Example: line of charge with a point charge off the end
- Strategies for applying Coulomb's Law
Electric force exists between charges, as described by Coulomb's Law. Worked example: a line of charge with q off the end. Written by Willy McAllister.
Our study of electricity begins with electrostatics and the electrostatic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. Electrostatic force is described by Coulomb's Law. We use Coulomb's Law to solve the forces created by configurations of charge.
Electrostatics deals with forces between charges. Static means the charges are not moving, or at least are not moving very fast.
[How fast is "not very fast"?]
•F→ is the electric force, directed on a line between the two charged bodies.
•K is a constant of proportionality that relates the left side of the equation (newtons) to the right side (coulombs and meters). It is needed to make the answer come out right when we do a real experiment.
How do we know there is such a thing as charge? The concept of charge arises from an observation of nature: We observe forces between objects. Electric charge is the property of objects that gives rise to this observed force. Like gravity, electric force "acts at a distance". The idea that a force can "act at a distance" is pretty mind-blowing, but it's what nature really does.
Electric forces are very large, far greater than the force of gravity. Unlike gravity, there are two types of electric charge, (whereas there is only one type of gravity; gravity only attracts).
Unlike charges attract,
Like charges repel,
Coulomb's Law very nicely describes this natural phenomenon. The law has this form,
F→=Kq0q1r2r^
Where
•F→ is the electric force, directed on a line between the two charged bodies.
•K is a constant of proportionality that relates the left side of the equation (newtons) to the right side (coulombs and meters). It is needed to make the answer come out right when we do a real experiment.
•q0 and q1 represent the amount of charge on each body, in units of coulombs (the SI unit for charge).
K , the constant of proportionality, frequently appears in this form,
[why?]
K=14πϵ0
and Coulomb's Law is written in this form,
F→=14πϵ0q0q1r2r^
The Greek letter ϵ0 is the electric constant, also known as the permittivity of free space, (free space is a vacuum). Coulomb's Law describes something that happens in nature. The electric constant, ϵ0 , describes the experimental setup and the system of units. "Experimental conditions" refers measuring F→ on point charges (or something that acts like a point charge, like charged spheres). In the SI system of units, ϵ0 is experimentally measured to be,
Find the force (magnitude and direction) on q2 , the +3C charge.
Compute the force between each pair of charges. In this example there are two force vectors to think about, {q0 to q2 }, and {q1 to q2 }. The individual force vectors are on a direct line between the charge pairs. For simplicity, we'll use K as the proportionality constant. Apply Coulomb's Law to compute the force. We manage the magnitudes and angles separately. The magnitudes of the forces are, F=Kq0q1r2 F02=K4⋅3(3)2=K⋅4 force on q2 from q0 (repels) F12=K1⋅3(1)2=K⋅3 force on q2 from q1 (attracts) We have solved the magnitudes of the pairwise forces. The final step is to perform a vector sum to get the magnitude and direction of the final force vector. The force vectors form the sides of a 3-4-5 right triangle. The magnitude of the resultant force is, |F2|=K⋅32+42=K⋅5 Figure out angle ∠F→2 by counting degrees from horizontal, starting at the 4C charge, Interior angles of our two triangles, The angles of the 3-4-5 triangle come from, arcsin(4/5)=53.13∘ and arcsin(3/5)=36.86∘ Merging the triangles together shows how the angles combine (blue arrows): The 30∘ angle gets a negative sign because it is rotating clockwise, while the 36.9∘ angle adds with a positive sign because it is rotating counterclockwise. ∠F→2=−30∘+36.9∘=+6.9∘ Combining the magnitude and angle, the force F→2 on q2 in newtons is, F2→=K⋅5∠6.9∘ F2→=(9×109)⋅5∠6.9∘ F2→=4.5×1010∠6.9∘newtons
Find the total force on a charge q positioned off the end of a line of charge.
The line contains a total charge Q coulombs. We can approach this problem by thinking of the line as a bunch of individual point charges sitting shoulder to shoulder. To compute the total force on q from the line, we sum up (integrate) the individual forces from each point charge in the line. We define the charge density in the line as QL coulombs/meter. The idea of charge density lets us express the amount of charge, dQ , in a little piece of the line, dx , as, dQ=QLdx dQ is close enough to being a point charge to allow us to apply Coulomb's Law. We can figure out the direction of the force right away: The force on q from every dQ is directed straight between q and dQ . Direction solved, now the magnitude of the force, dF=14πϵ0qdQx2 The numerator multiples the two charges, q and dQ ; the denominator x is the distance between the two charges. To find the total force, add up all the forces from each little dQ 's by integrating from the near end of the line (a ), to the far end (a+L ). F=∫aa+LdF→=∫aa+L14πϵ0qdQx2 This equation includes both x and dQ as variables. To get down to a single independent variable, eliminate dQ by replacing it with the expression Q/Ldx from above, F=∫aa+L14πϵ0qQL1x2dx Move everything that does not depend on x outside the integral. F=14πϵ0qQL∫aa+L1x2dx And solve the integral, [hint] F=14πϵ0qQa(a+L) Some things to notice about the solution: •The numerator is the product of the test charge and the total charge on the line, which makes sense. •The denominator has the form distance2 , created by a combination of distance to the near end and far end of the line. The a(a+L) form of the denominator emerges from the particular geometry of this example. •If the point charge q moves very far away from the line, L becomes insignificant compared to a , and the denominator approaches a2 . So at great distance, the line starts to resemble a far-off point charge, and as one would hope, the equation approaches Coulomb's Law for two point charges. We'll do a few more electrostatics problems with simple charge geometries. After that, the math gets really involved, so the common strategy with complex geometries becomes: break down the geometry into simpler versions we already know how to do, then merge the answers.
Coulomb's Law is a good choice for situations with point charges and/or simple symmetric geometries like lines or spheres of charge.
Since Coulomb's Law is based on pairwise forces between charges, when faced with multiple (more than two) point charges,
1.Work out the forces between each pair of charges.
2.Finish with a vector addition to merge the pairwise forces into a single resultant force.
For a situation with distributed charge, creatively model the distributed charge as a collection of point charges,
1.Invent a little dQ representing an infinitesimal charge within the region of distributed charge.
Tension. A tension is a force along the length of a medium, especially a force carried by a flexible medium, such as a rope or cable. The word “tension ” comes from a Latin word meaning “to stretch.”. Not coincidentally, the flexible cords that carry muscle forces to other parts of the body are called tendons.
Aug 11, 2021 · These ideas were developed in Vectors. Figure 6.2.2: (a) An overhead view of two ice skaters pushing on a third skater. Forces are vectors and add like other vectors, so the total force on the third skater is in the direction shown. (b) A free-body diagram representing the forces acting on the third skater.
As you may assume, the strong force is not the only force with a carrier particle. Nuclear decay from the weak force also requires a particle transfer. In the weak force are the following three: the weak negative carrier, W –; the weak positive carrier, W +; and the zero charge carrier, Z 0. As we will see, Fermi inferred that these particles ...
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Google Classroom. Microsoft Teams. Review your understanding of electric forces in this free article aligned to NGSS standards. Key points: An electric force exists between any two objects with electric charge—even if the objects aren’t touching. Electric forces can be attractive or repulsive. This depends on the electric charges of the objects.
