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Based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition (2020). APA is an in-text referencing style. This means that short referencing information (Author, Date) must be included in the text of your assignment when you quote information from outside sources.
- Apa In-Text Citations
- Apa References
- Formatting The Apa Reference Page
- Free Lecture Slides
The basics
In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrasesomeone else’s ideas or words. An APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system). If you’re citing a specific part of a source, you should also include a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example: (Smith, 2020, p. 170).
Parenthetical vs. narrative citation
The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator. 1. Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020). 2. Narrative citation: Smith (2020)notes that …
Multiple authors and corporate authors
The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.
The basics
APA references generally include information about the author, publication date, title, and source. Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.
Reference examples
Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr’s Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization. Generate APA citations for free
Missing information
It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
The basics
On the reference page, you list all the sources that you’ve cited throughout your paper. Place the page, right after the main body and before any appendices. On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centred). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order. Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page: 1. Double spacing (within and between references) 2. Hanging indent of ½ inch 3. Legible font (e.g. Times New Roma...
Which sources to include
On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation). You should not include references to personal communicationsthat your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).
Are you a teacher or professor looking to introduce your students to APA Style? Download our free introductory lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint. Open Google SlidesDownload PowerPoint
Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters. Invert names so that the last name comes first, followed by a comma and the initials. Leave a space between initials. Retain the order of authors’ names. Place the year in parentheses. End with a period.
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May 29, 2024 · Use this guide to identify the basic reference elements (author, date, title, and source) to create complete APA style reference list entries.
- Reeti Brar
- 2020
Jan 21, 2020 · APA in-text citations require three pieces of information: the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number. There are two ways to format this information: with a signal phrase and without a signal phrase. APA recommends using a signal phrase more often to provide clarity.
Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper
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Jul 19, 2023 · Publication Date: 2020. In addition to providing guidance on grammar, the mechanics of writing, and APA style, this manual offers an authoritative reference and citation system. It also covers the treatment of numbers, statistical and mathematical data, tables and figures. APA Style and Grammar Guidelines.
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