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Edinburgh ( [ˈɛdɪnb (ə)ɹə], gaelică scoțiană Dùn Éideann) este un oraș de pe coasta de est a Scoției, și capitala acesteia din secolul XV. Este una dintre cele 32 subdiviziuni ale Scoției. În oraș se află sediul Parlamentului Scoțian, care a fost restabilit în 1999. Are 447.500 locuitori.
Edinburgh, capitala țării și al doilea oraș ca mărime, a fost centrul iluminismului scoțian (d) din secolul al XVIII-lea, care a transformat Scoția într-una dintre puterile comerciale, intelectuale și industriale ale Europei.
- Origins
- Northumbrian Edinburgh
- Medieval Burgh
- Reformation Era
- Union of The Crowns to Parliamentary Union
- 18th Century
- Scottish Enlightenment
- 19th Century
- 20th Century
- Recent Developments
The earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area is from Cramond where evidence has been found of a Mesolithic site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have been found on the Castle Rock, Arthur's Seat, Craiglockhart Hill and the Pentland Hills. The culture of these early inhabitants bears similarities w...
The Angles of the Kingdom of Bernicia had a significant influence on what would be successively Bernicia, Northumbria and finally south-east Scotland, notably from AD 638 when it appears that the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria. Whether or not this battle marked the precise passing of control over the ...
In AD 973 during a royal council at Chester, the English king Edgar the Peaceful formally granted Lothian to Kenneth II, King of Scots. The historian Marjorie Anderson holds that this was the key event in assuring Scottish rule over Lothian. By the early 11th century the Scottish hold over the area was secured when Malcolm II ended the Northumbrian...
The town played a central role in events leading to the establishment of Protestantism in the mid-16th century Scottish Reformation (see Siege of Leith). During her brief reign the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, who returned to Scotland from France in 1561, suffered from the deep discord that had been sown prior to her arrival. Protestant nobles an...
In 1603 King James VI of Scotland succeeded to the English throne, uniting the monarchies of Scotland and England in a regal union known as the Union of the Crowns. In all other respects Scotland remained a separate kingdom retaining the Parliament of Scotland in Edinburgh. King James VI moved to London where he held court, relying on a Privy Counc...
By the first half of the 18th century, rising prosperity was evidenced by the growth of the Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank of Scotland and British Linen Bank, all based in the city. However Edinburgh was one of the most densely populated, overcrowded and unsanitary towns in the whole of Europe. Daniel Defoe's remark was typical of many English visito...
Union with England in 1707 meant the end of the Scottish Parliament and saw members of parliament, aristocrats and placemenmove to London. Scottish law, however, remained entirely separate from English law, with the result that the law courts and legal profession continued to exist in Edinburgh; as did the University and medical establishments. Law...
Although Edinburgh's traditional industries of printing, brewing and distilling continued to grow in the 19th century and were joined by new firms in rubber, engineering, and pharmaceuticals, there was little industrialisation compared with other cities in Britain. By 1821, Edinburgh had been overtaken by Glasgow as Scotland's largest city. Glasgow...
During the First World War, Edinburgh was bombed on the night of 2–3 April 1916. Two German Zeppelins dropped high explosive and incendiary bombs on, among other places, Leith, the Mound, Lothian Road, the Castle Rock and the Grassmarket. Eleven civilian deaths, numerous injuries and property damage resulted. Owing to its comparative lack of indust...
Since the 1990s a new "financial district", including a new Edinburgh International Conference Centre, has grown mainly on demolished railway property to the west of the castle, stretching into Fountainbridge, a run-down 19th-century industrial suburb which has undergone radical change since the 1980s with the demise of industrial and brewery premi...
Notable figures from the Roman period in Scottish history, as depicted by the Victorian artist William Hole in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh. The military presence of Rome lasted for little more than 40 years for most of Scotland and only as much as 80 years in total anywhere.
e. Edinburgh ( / ˈɛdɪnbərə / ⓘ [11] [12] [13] Scots: [ˈɛdɪnbʌrə]; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann [ˌt̪un ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ]) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. The city is located in south-east Scotland, and is bounded to the north by the Firth of Forth estuary and to the south by the Pentland Hills.
4 days ago · Edinburgh, capital city of Scotland, located in southeastern Scotland with its center near the southern shore of the Firth of Forth. A city of somber theatricality, it is a major center for finance, law, tourism, education, and cultural affairs.
Edinburgh's Old Town is a living testament to the city's rich and tumultuous history. Its narrow wynds and closes whisper tales of centuries gone by. Dating back to medieval times, it cradles the heartbeat of Edinburgh's past, from the dark mysteries of the Royal Mile to the towering presence of the historic Edinburgh Castle.
