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  1. In computing, a command is a directive to a computer program to perform a specific task. It may be issued via a command-line interface or as input to a network service as part of a network protocol , or as an event triggered in a graphical user interface .

  2. In computing, a shell is a computer program that exposes an operating system's services to a human user or other programs. In general, operating system shells use either a command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI), depending on a computer's role and particular operation.

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  4. A command-line interface ( CLI) is a means of interacting with a computer program by inputting lines of text called command-lines. Command-line interfaces emerged in the mid-1960s, on computer terminals, as an interactive and more user-friendly alternative to the non-interactive interface available with punched cards .

  5. Jul 21, 2016 · A Brief History. Way back in the 1960s — 70s, computers were becoming more than just calculators. They could save files to disk and have multiple running applications with multiple users. But these things were difficult to control and easy to break. Thankfully, there was a very smart idea to cover all these internal bits in a nice, usable shell.

  6. Apr 5, 2022 · head test.txt // Output: this is the beginning of my test file. tail works the same but it will show you the end of the file. tail test.txt // Output: this is the end of my test file. The --help flag can be used on most commands and it will return info on how to use that given command. cd --help // output:

  7. Jul 18, 2023 · It was jointly developed in 1964 by GE, MIT, and Bell Labs, mainly as a successor to the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS). It came with a lot of new ideas to the computing world like access control, dynamic linking, support for ASCII, and dynamic reconfiguration.

  8. In simple words - a shell is a program that accepts the input from users and excutes program on their behalf by creating a new process, and whatever the response from that particular program - which could be input, output or error - it shows back it the the user.

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