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May 14, 2020 · Frederick had opened up a channel of communication with the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt al-Kamil (r. 1218-1238 CE) since 1226 CE. This man was the nephew of the great Saladin (l. 1137-1193 CE) who had secured Jerusalem for Islam in 1187 CE; he, however, was willing to give away what his ancestors had fought and died for.
Constance, Queen of Sicily. Frederick II ( German: Friedrich; Italian: Federico; Latin: Fridericus; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. He was the son of emperor Henry VI of the Hohenstaufen dynasty (the ...
After al-Mu'azzam's death, al-Kamil and his other brother al-Ashraf negotiated a treaty, giving all of Palestine (including Transjordan) to al-Kamil and Syria to al-Ashraf. In February 1229 al-Kamil negotiated the Treaty of Jaffa , a ten-year peace with Frederick II and returned Jerusalem and other holy sites to the Crusader kingdom .
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"In [1229] al-Kamil gave Jerusalem to the emperor [Frederick II].... The news of the handing over of Jerusalem to the Franks arrived and all hell broke loose in all the lands of Islam." —Medieval Muslim chronicler Sibt bin al-Jawzi; quoted in The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives.
This was a great trial for al-Kamil, because he was accused of giving up the holy city after so much struggle. His personal relationship with Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor—and partner in the treaty—was also controversial. Frederick II was the son of Frederick Barbarossa, ruler of Sicily.
Aug 8, 2022 · Frederick II, Fresco ca. 1250, public domain. ... Al-Kamil’s main rival was his brother al-Mu’azzim, ruling in Damaskus, and the Alliance with Frederick had aimed at him, but al-Mu’azzim had ...
Frederick II’s crusade is unique in the bloody history of the crusades for its success in recapturing Jerusalem simply through negotiations with a sultan of Egypt, without any battles. This chapter focuses on Frederick II’s diplomatic relations with al-Kamil and examine the envoys between them in detail.
