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The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.
- Indo-European (Disambiguation)
Indo-European is a major language family of Europe, parts of...
- Indo-Iranian
Chart classifying Indo-Iranian languages within the...
- Proto-Indo-European Language
No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists; its proposed...
- List of Indo-European Languages
The Indo-European languages include some 449 (SIL estimate,...
- Italic
Italic; Latino-Sabine, Italic–Venetic: Ethnicity: Originally...
- Language Family
For example, the reconstructible common ancestor of the...
- Ancient Belgian
Ancient Belgian is a hypothetical extinct Indo-European...
- Proto-Indo-European Homeland
The Proto-Indo-European homeland was the prehistoric...
- Dacian
Dacian (/ ˈ d eɪ ʃ ə n /) is an extinct language generally...
- Cimmerian
Journal of Indo-European Studies; Indogermanisches...
- Indo-European (Disambiguation)
- Names
- Languages
- Religion
- Proposed Precursors
- Tarim Basin
- Oasis States
- Known Rulers
- See Also
- Further Reading
- External Links
Around the beginning of the 20th century, archaeologists recovered a number of manuscripts from oases in the Tarim Basin written in two closely related but previously unknown Indo-European languages, which were easy to read because they used a close variation of the already deciphered Indian Middle-Brahmi script. These languages were designated in ...
The Tocharian languages are known from around 7600 documents dating from about 400 to 1200 AD, found at 30 sites in the northeast Tarim area. The manuscripts are written in two distinct, but closely related, Indo-European languages, conventionally known as Tocharian A and Tocharian B. According to glotto-chronological data, Tocharian languages are ...
Most of the Tocharian inscriptions are based on Buddhist monastic texts, which suggests that the Tocharians largely embraced Buddhism. The pre-Buddhist beliefs of the Tocharians are largely unknown, but several Chinese goddesses are similar to the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European sun goddess and the dawn goddess, which implies that the Chinese wer...
The route by which speakers of Indo-European languages reached the Tarim Basin is uncertain.A leading contender is the Afanasievo culture, who occupied the Altai region to the north between 3300 and 2500 BC.
Early settlement
The Taklamakan Desert is roughly oval in shape, about 1,000 km long and 400 km wide, surrounded on three sides by high mountains.The main part of the desert is sandy, surrounded by a belt of gravel desert.The desert is completely barren, but in the late spring the melting snows of the surrounding mountains feed streams, which have been altered by human activity to create oases with mild microclimates and supporting intensive agriculture.On the northern edge of the basin, these oases occur in...
Tarim mummies
The oldest of the Tarim mummies, bodies preserved by the desert conditions, date from 2000 BC and were found on the eastern edge of the Tarim basin.The mummies have been described as being both "Caucasoid" and "Mongoloid", and mixed-race individuals are also observed.A genetic study of remains from the oldest layer of the Xiaohe Cemetery found that the maternal lineages were a mixture of east and west Eurasian types, while all the paternal lineages were of west Eurasian type.It is unknown whe...
Later migrations
Later, groups of nomadic pastoralists moved from the steppe into the grasslands to the north and northeast of the Tarim.They were the ancestors of peoples later known to Chinese authors as the Wusun and Yuezhi.It is thought that at least some of them spoke Iranian languages,but a minority of scholars suggest that the Yuezhi were Tocharian speakers. During the 1st millennium BC, a further wave of immigrants, the Saka speaking Iranian languages, arrived from the west and settled along the south...
The first record of the oasis states is found in Chinese histories. The Book of Han lists 36 statelets in the Tarim basin in the last two centuries BC. These oases served as waystations on the trade routes forming part of the Silk Roadpassing along the northern and southern edges of the Taklamakan desert. The largest were Kucha with 81,000 inhabita...
Names of the rulers of Kucha are known mainly from Chinese sources. 1. Hong(洪, 弘), circa 16 AD 2. Chengde (丞德), circa 36 AD 3. Zeluo (则罗), circa 46 AD 4. Shen Du(身毒), circa 50 AD 5. Bin (宾), circa 72 AD 6. Jian (建), circa 73 AD 7. Youliduo 尤利多, circa 76 AD 8. Bai Ba(白霸), circa 91 AD 9. Bai Ying(白英), circa 110-127 AD 10. Bai Shan (白山), circa 280 AD ...
Note: Recent discoveries have rendered obsolete some of René Grousset's classic The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, published in 1939, which, however, still provides a broad background against which to assess more modern detailed studies. 1. Baldi, Philip. 1983. An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages.Carbondale. Southern I...
A dictionary of Tocharian B by Douglas Q. Adams (Leiden Studies in Indo-European 10), xxxiv, 830 pp., Rodopi: Amsterdam – Atlanta, 1999.People also ask
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Languages of China - Wikipedia. Contents. hide. (Top) Spoken languages. Sino-Tibetan. Kra–Dai. Turkic. Mongolic. Tungusic. Korean. Hmong–Mien. Austroasiatic. Austronesian. Indo-European. Yeniseian. Unclassified. Mixed. Written languages. Language policy. Study of foreign languages. Use of English. See also. References. Citations. Sources.
The Indo-European migrations are hypothesized migrations of Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) speakers, and subsequent migrations of people speaking derived Indo-European languages, which took place approx. 4000 to 1000 BCE, potentially explaining how these languages came to be spoken across a large area of Eurasia, spanning from the Indian ...
May 5, 2014 · The Indo-European Languages are a family of related languages that today are widely spoken in the Americas, Europe, and also Western and Southern Asia.
History. Distribution. Classification. Typology. Vocabulary. Proposed external relationships. Notes. References. External links. Sino-Tibetan languages. Sino-Tibetan, also cited as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, [1] [2] is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. [3] .
