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Apr 27, 2024 · Learn about the structure, function, and diversity of the hand, a grasping organ with opposable thumb and fingertips. Explore the unique patterns of fingerprints and their use in identification and criminal investigation.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Learn about the bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures that make up the hand and enable its movement and dexterity. Find out how to request an appointment or find a doctor at Johns Hopkins Medicine.
Nov 13, 2023 · Learn about the structure and function of the hand, the most distal part of the upper limb. Explore the carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, thenar, hypothenar and lumbrical muscles, and the nerves, arteries and veins that supply the hand.
- 24 min
- Bones of The Hand
- Muscles of The Hand
- Nerves of The Hand
- Blood Supply and Drainage of The Hand
- Clinical Relevance
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To understand the anatomy of the hand we first must understand the anatomy of the forearm and wrist. Theforearm consists of two bones, the radius and the ulna. Both forearm bones articulate with the carpal bonesof the wrist distally. The radius articulates with the cashew shaped scaphoid bone, and the croissant or moon-shaped lunate bone. The ulna ...
Interossei muscles
The interossei musclesare intrinsic hand muscles that originate from the intermediate surfaces of the metacarpals. There are four dorsal andthree palmar interossei muscles. They insert onto the proximal phalanx and extensor hoodof each finger. Palmar interossei ADduct the fingers, and dorsal interossei ABductthe fingers (hence PAD/DAB). The radial artery enters the hand by passing between the two heads of thefirst dorsal interosseous.
Lumbricals
The four lumbricals are thin worm-like muscles that flex themetacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints. They arise from the tendons of flexor digitorum profundusand are the only muscles in the human body to arise from the tendons of another muscle.
The ulnar nerve (C8-T1 nerve roots) arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus and supplies all of theintrinsic muscles of the hand with a few exceptions. These are the muscles of the thenar eminence and the radial two lumbricals, which are supplied by the median nerve (C5-T1). The median nerve supplies sensation to theradial three and a ha...
Thesuperficial palmar arch is the main continuation of the ulnar artery. It receives a small superficial branch from theradial artery and supplies the fingers with blood via the common digital, and the distal ‘proper digital arteries’ which run on either side of the finger. The thumb and radial side of the index finger are exceptions, as they recei...
Carpal tunnel syndrome
If themedian nerve becomes compressed within the carpal tunnel, there is paraesthesia in the radial three and a half fingers as well asthenar muscle wasting in late-stage disease. Patients will often complain of tingling in the hand, and pain after using their affected hand. Treatment options include steroid injections, physiotherapy, and carpal tunnel release. For more information, see the Geeky Medics guide to carpal tunnel syndrome.
Ulnar paradox
Usually, the more proximal a nerve injury, the worse the resulting function of the body. The opposite is true when we consider the ulnar nerve. This is because one of the muscles that flexes the fingers (flexor digitorum profundus, which lies in the forearm) is partially innervated by it. Hence a proximal injury will remove innervation to theforearm muscles and the hand muscles. A distal injury only takes out the hand muscles; hence the still functioning finger flexors give the patient a claw...
Dupuytren’s contracture
The palmar aponeurosis is a thick area of fascia that is tightly attached to the skin. Dupuytren’s contracture is caused by a proliferation of type threecollagen within the palmar fascia. It causes the palmar aponeurosis tothicken and contract, causing the little and ring finger to flex abnormally. Treatment of Dupuytren’s contracture includes physiotherapy and splinting with steroid injections if still in its initial stages, and surgical excision of the bands for advanced cases.
Learn about the bones, muscles, nerves and blood vessels of the hand, part of the upper limb anatomy. See diagrams, videos and mnemonics to help you remember the hand anatomy for exams and clinical practice.
Learn about the bones, muscles, nerves, tendons and ligaments that make up your hand and wrist. Find out how they work together to let you touch, hold and move objects with your fingers.
Mar 28, 2015 · Learn about the structure and function of the hand, a complex and versatile organ that enables humans to perform many tasks. See images and diagrams of the hand's bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.
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Learn about the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels that make up the hand. Watch an animated tutorial video and read about common hand problems and treatments.
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