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Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic eventually developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three Germanic branches during the fifth century BC to fifth century AD: West Germanic , East Germanic and North Germanic . [1]
- c. 500 BC-200 BC
- Germanic languages
All Germanic languages are derived from Proto-Germanic, spoken in Iron Age Scandinavia and Germany. [2] The West Germanic languages include the three most widely spoken Germanic languages: English with around 360–400 million native speakers; [3] [nb 2] German, with over 100 million native speakers; [4] and Dutch, with 24 million native speakers.
- 52- (phylozone)
- Proto-Germanic
- Indo-EuropeanGermanic
A defining feature of Proto-Germanic is the completion of the process described by Grimm's law, a set of sound changes that occurred between its status as a dialect of Proto-Indo-European and its gradual divergence into a separate language.
- Definition and Verification
- Proto-X vs. Pre-X
- Accuracy
- References
Typically, the proto-language is not known directly. It is by definition a linguistic reconstruction formulated by applying the comparative method to a group of languages featuring similar characteristics.The tree is a statement of similarity and a hypothesis that the similarity results from descent from a common language. The comparative method, a...
Normally, the term "Proto-X" refers to the last common ancestor of a group of languages, occasionally attested but most commonly reconstructed through the comparative method, as with Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic. An earlier stage of a single language X, reconstructed through the method of internal reconstruction, is termed "Pre-X", as in ...
There are no objective criteria for the evaluation of different reconstruction systems yielding different proto-languages. Many researchers concerned with linguistic reconstruction agree that the traditional comparative methodis an "intuitive undertaking." The bias of the researchers regarding the accumulated implicit knowledge can also lead to err...
Lehmann, Winfred P. (1993), Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics, London, New York: Taylor & Francis Group (Routledge)Schleicher, August (1861–1862), Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen: 2 volumes, Weimar: H. Boehlau (Reprint: Minerva GmbH, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag), ISBN 3-8102-...Kortlandt, Frederik (1993), General Linguistics and Indo-European Reconstruction (PDF)(revised text of a paper read at the Institute of general and applied linguistics, University of Copenhagen, on...Brugmann, Karl; Delbrück, Berthold (1904), Kurze vergleichende Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), Strassburg{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)In historical linguistics, the Germanic parent language (GPL), also known as Pre-Germanic Indo-European (PreGmc) or Pre-Proto-Germanic (PPG), is the reconstructed language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family that was spoken c. 2500 BC – c. 500 BC, after the branch had diverged from Proto-Indo-European but before it ...
Proto-Germanic grammar. Historical linguistics has made tentative postulations about and multiple varyingly different reconstructions of Proto-Germanic grammar, as inherited from Proto-Indo-European grammar. All reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*).
Dialects with the features assigned to the western group formed from Proto-Germanic in the late Jastorf culture ( c. 1st century BC ). The West Germanic group is characterized by a number of phonological, morphological and lexical innovations or archaisms not found in North and East Germanic.