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Mar 24, 2022 · Students should learn to engage in scientific argumentation to develop their scientific reasoning and critical thinking skills.
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In this light, this paper discusses how critical thinking can be taught more effectively in education institutions in the Philippines through reconsideration of the Taxonomy of Learning...
Sep 5, 2023 · The images of science that Leherer and Schauble highlight as characterizing scientific thinking are: (i) science-as-logical reasoning (role of domain-general forms of scientific reasoning, including formal logic, heuristic, and strategies applied in different fields of science), (ii) science-as-theory change (science is subject to permanent ...
- garcia-carmona@us.es
- 1. WHAT IS LOGIC?
- 4. STATEMENTS VERSUS PROPOSITIONS
- 5. FORM VERSUS CONTENT
- Does the conclusion follow from the premises?
- An argument is factually correct
- some dogs are not mammals
- 8. DEMONSTRATING INVALIDITY USING THE METHOD OF COUNTEREXAMPLES
- FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF LOGIC
- (REWRITTEN)
- THE TRIVIAL PRINCIPLE
- 9. EXAMPLES OF VALID ARGUMENTS IN SYLLOGISTIC LOGIC
- EXERCISE SET A
- EXERCISE SET B
- EXERCISE SET C
- EXERCISE SET A
Logic may be defined as the science of reasoning. However, this is not to suggest that logic is an empirical (i.e., experimental or observational) science like physics, biology, or psychology. Rather, logic is a non-empirical science like mathematics. Also, in saying that logic is the science of reasoning, we do not mean that it is concerned wit...
Henceforth, by ‘logic’ I mean deductive logic. Logic investigates inferences in terms of the arguments that represent them. Recall that an argument is a collection of statements (declarative sentences), one of which is designated as the conclusion, and the remainder of which are designated as the premises. Also recall that usually in an argument ...
Although propositions (or the meanings of statements) are always lurking be-hind the scenes, logic is primarily concerned with statements. The reason is that statements are in some sense easier to point at, easier to work with; for example, we can write a statement on the blackboard and examine it. By contrast, since they are essentially abstract...
The classification of a given argument is based on the answers to these two questions. In particular, we have the following definitions.
if and only if all of its premises are true. An argument is valid if and only if its conclusion follows from its premises. An argument is sound if and only if it is both factually correct and valid. Basically, a factually correct argument has good content, and a valid argument has good form, and a sound argument has both good content and good fo...
In these examples, the words written in bold-face letters are descriptive terms, and the remaining words are logical terms, relative to syllogistic logic. In syllogistic logic, the descriptive terms all refer to classes, for example, the class of cats, or the class of mammals. On the other hand, in syllogistic logic, the logical terms are all use...
Earlier we discussed some of the basic ideas of logic, including the notions of validity and invalidity. In the present section, we attempt to get a better idea about these notions. We begin by making precise definitions concerning statement forms and argu-ment forms. substitution instance of an argument/statement form is a concrete argument/state...
Whether an argument is valid or invalid is determined entirely by its form; in other words: VALIDITY IS A FUNCTION OF FORM. This principle can be rendered somewhat more specific, as follows. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF LOGIC
If an argument is valid, then every argument with the same form is also valid. If an argument is invalid, then every argument with the same form is also invalid. There is one more principle that we need to add before describing the method of counterexamples. Since the principle almost doesn't need to be stated, we call it the Trivial Principle, wh...
No argument with all true premises but a false conclu-sion is valid. If an argument has all true premises but has a false conclusion, then it is invalid. The Trivial Principle follows from the definition of validity given earlier: an argument is valid if and only if it is impossible for the conclusion to be false while the premises are all true. ...
In the previous section, we examined a few examples of invalid arguments in syllogistic logic. In each case of an invalid argument we found a counterexample, which is an argument with the same form, having all true premises but a false con-clusion. In the present section, we examine a few examples of valid syllogistic argu-ments (also called valid...
For each of the following say whether the statement is true (T) or false (F). In any valid argument, the premises are all true. In any valid argument, the conclusion is true. In any valid argument, if the premises are all true, then the conclusion is also true. In any factually correct argument, the premises are all true. In any factually correct a...
In each of the following, you are given an argument to analyze. In each case, answer the following questions. Is the argument factually correct? Is the argument valid? Is the argument sound? Note that in many cases, the answer might legitimately be “can't tell”. For example, in certain cases in which one does not know whether the premises are tru...
In the following, you are given several syllogistic arguments (some valid, some invalid). In each case, attempt to construct a counterexample. A valid argument does not admit a counterexample, so in some cases, you will not be able to construct a counterexample. all dogs are reptiles all reptiles are Martians / all dogs are Martians all dogs are ...
False False True True False True True True True False
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Scientific thinking refers to both thinking about the content of science and the set of reasoning processes that permeate the field of science: induction, deduction, experimental design, causal reasoning, concept formation, hypothesis testing, and so on.
In this unit, you will investigate some standard methods of scientific reasoning, some principles of confirmation and disconfirmation, and some techniques for identifying and reasoning about causation.
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Mar 8, 2021 · The anti-exceptionalist holds that logic is not different from other respectable forms of inquiry, science in particular: logic is not an exception to ordinary, scientific inquiry. Well, every form of inquiry, scientific or otherwise, is different, in crucial ways, from every other.
