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Sep 8, 2021 · This is what transcription does in all circumstances. Creating a visual representation of the music – whether it is intended to allow the transcriber and reader to engage with the music more actively or to perform complex analyses – serves as an aid to processing and understanding the notator’s experience of the music.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Background
- 3 Method
- 4 Results
- 5 Conclusion
- Funding
Music transcription is a process of creating a notation of musical sounds, with music notation being the representation of musical sound through some other medium. This can take many forms, but this article, and the field of Music Information Retrieval (MIR) in general, is concerned with static, visual representations of sound, and specifically wit...
2.1 Music transcription in ethnomusicology
If they transcribe music at all, ethnomusicologists usually aim to document a specific performance on the basis of a recording (so-called ‘descriptive music-writing’), rather than to provide a model for performance (‘prescriptive music-writing’; Seeger, 1958). An ethnomusicologist may choose to make a ‘close transcription’ that includes details of playing style—melodic or rhythmic nuances, ornaments, timbral effects, etc.; or a ‘broad transcription’ in which such details are omitted in order...
2.2 Music transcription in MIR
In the MIR field, AMT is typically defined as the process of converting an audio recording or audio stream into some form of human- or machine-readable notation (Klapuri and Davy, 2006). The first approaches for automatic transcription of musical audio to machine-readable notation originated from the 1970s (e.g. Moorer, 1975), with the problem gaining attention from the early 2000s with the development of signal processing and pattern recognition methods for analysing audio signals. AMT is ge...
2.3 Music transcription in between the fields
In ethnomusicology, mechanical devices for automatic transcription and analysis have been used since before the advent of computer technology (Ellingson, 1992; Cooper and Sapiro, 2006), but their application has been limited mainly to the analysis of pitch (tonometry) and melodic contour (melography). The melograph devices developed and advocated by Seeger (1958) and Hood (1971; 1993) were a response to the limitations of staff notation and manual transcription: a melogram or spectrogram coul...
The methodology employed in this article consists of four main steps, which will be discussed in the following subsections. First, a previously conducted user study (Holzapfel and Benetos, 2019) has been extended, in which a group of musicology students with experience in transcription was asked to compile transcriptions for a series of short music...
In order to establish the basis for our analysis, we investigate the consistency between the two experts in the ratings of the transcriptions. As depicted in Fig. 1, there is a large consistency between the two experts in their ratings, with a correlation coefficient of 0.754. The ratings cover a large range of the overall scale, with about two-thi...
By comparing ratings of human experts with computational metrics through corpus and close analysis, we documented differences in how the quality of a transcription is assessed in ethnomusicology and in MIR. We revealed several aspects that the metrics seem to be ‘missing’ in Section 4.3. Computational metrics are only partially correlated with huma...
This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-03694 to A.H.); the Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation (MMW 2020.0102 to A. H.); E.B. is supported by a Turing Fellowship under the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (grant EP/N510129/1).
Computational ethnomusicology: a music information retrieval perspective. The historical development of CE and the types of tasks that have been addressed so far, is traced and interesting directions for future work are given and suggestions for how to engange musicologists and musicians are suggested. Expand.
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Fig. 1 shows an example automatic transcription produced using ScoreCloud, compared with a reference and a study participant transcription. Following the study, a short conversation with participants took place, in order to obtain qualitative feedback as well as information on their experience with automated tools for the task.
- Emmanouil Benetos
20 The post-1964 literature on transcription in ethnomusicology and popular music studies is immense but, more than 20 years after its publication, Ter Ellingson’s comprehensive book chapter ‘Transcription’ (in Ethnomusicology: An Introduction, ed. Helen Myers (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993), 110–52) remains the single most useful
Mar 1, 2014 · Computer Science, Art. 2013. TLDR. The goal of this special issue is to gather relevant, high-quality research on computational methods and applications in ethnomusicology, and the papers included here deal with different musical facets such as pitch, pulse and tempo, and voice timbre.
Keywords: Ethnomusicology, music information Anahtar kelimeler: Etnomüzikoloji, müzik bilgi retrieval, automatic transcription, musical gesture, geri getirimi, otomatik notaya ökme, müziksel jest, human-computer interface, musical robotics insan-bilgisayar arabirimi, müzik robotbilimi Computational Ethnomusicology 3 1 Introduction What is ...
