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Jan 1, 2006 · PDF | The local chemical environment in steam turbines is governed by the solubility and the volatility of substances in the steam. Both are influenced... | Find, read and cite all the...
In order to do this, steam systems consist of four main parts. Fuel System – provides chemical energy to the boiler (or combustion turbine if a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is used). Boiler – converts the fuel’s chemical energy to thermal energy. Distribution – conveys steam to the point of use.
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Steam power plant configuration, design, and control. Xiao Wu,1 Jiong Shen,1 Yiguo Li1 and Kwang Y. Lee2∗. This article provides an overview of fossil-fuel power plant (FFPP) configura-tion, design and especially, the control technology, both the conventional and the advanced technologies.
• Very high steam pressures and temperatures can be achieved which is advantageous for processes such as power generation. • Steam can be readily distributed and easily controlled. • Heat may be extracted in a cascade of processes. •
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- CONTENTS
- BOILER WATER TREATMENT
- 1.1.5.6 CALCULATING BLOWDOWN RATES. The blowdown water volume is rarely measured by a meter. As shown below, it can be calculated if any two of the following parameters are known: 1) feedwater; 2) COC; or 3) steam generation (E). Steam
- 2.1.1 SCALE. Scale can occur in isolated spots due to water evaporation. When a steam bubble forms on a heated surface, a thin film of water situated between the bubble and the tube wall becomes more concentrated with the dissolved materials. This thin layer can be as much as 17 oC (30 oF) hotter than the average boiler water temperature. These local conditions can cause precipitation of the dissolved solids and local formation of scale.
- 2.7.4 CONTROL OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN BY FILMING AMINES.
- 3.2 OPERATOR TRAINING. Operator training is essential to a water treatment program. Operators should understand the operation of their specific plant and reasons for specified procedures, including requirements of CFR Title 29, Part 1910.1200, Hazard Communication. An understanding of reasons for, and results of,
- 3.2.1 PRETREATMENT TRAINING. Pretreatment is necessary to ensure the quality of the water to be treated for industrial use and to prevent or reduce associated problems such as deposits and corrosion. Training might address these methods of pretreatment (depending on the type of plant):
- 3.2.2.1 BOILER WATER TREATMENT. The training related to boiler water treatment should address:
- 3.2.2.2 COOLING SYSTEMS TREATMENT. Training for treatment of cooling systems feedwater should address:
- 3.2.2.3 BLOWDOWN. Blowdown is used in both cooling and steam systems to regulate COC of solids through dilution with makeup water. Training associated with blowdown procedures should include:
- 3.2.3 PROGRAM CONTENT. Training should be provided in steps that are geared to operators’ capabilities. Weekly sessions, with handouts, periodic reviews, and testing should be planned to assess trainees’ retention and understanding of material and effectiveness of teaching methods in subjects such as:
- 5.3.1 OPEN DRY LAYUP METHOD. The open dry layup method is recommended for short-term storage (30 to 150 days) where the boiler room is dry, has low humidity, and is well ventilated. It is important to keep the boiler dry. The recommended procedure consists of six basic steps:
- 5.4 LAYUP OF CONDENSATE SYSTEMS. Layup of condensate systems is much more difficult than layup of boilers. As the system cools, oxygen will be drawn in, resulting in a situation that leads to corrosion. Purging the system with dry, inert gas can be effective, but the logistics can be nearly impossible and the hazards include the potential for suffocating people if the system is located in an unvented area.
- Q1. What is meant by neutralized conductivity?
- Q4. How often should bottom blowdown be done?
- Q7. How does one balance chemical treatment levels and COC?
STEAM BOILER SYSTEMS BOILER WATER TREATMENT AND CONTROL DEVELOPING A STEAM BOILER SYSTEM WATER TREATMENT PROGRAM CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BOILER START-UP CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BOILER LAYUP COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON
(This publication is adapted from the Unified Facilities Criteria of the United States government which are in the public domain, have been authorized for unlimited distribution, and are not copyrighted.) (Figures, tables and formulas in this publication may at times be a bit difficult to read, but they are the best available. DO NOT PURCHASE THIS...
volume is usually measured in units of meters on large boilers. The COC can be calculated by measuring the conductivity or TDS in both the boiler water and the feedwater. Note that the conductivity and quantity of TDS is the same for the boiler water and the blowdown water.
Dissolved Solids Concentration Gradient Low Hot Water High Steam Bubble Tube Wall
Carbon dioxide corrosion can be controlled with 0.7 to 1.0 ppm of a filming amine such as octadecylamine. This chemical will coat the condensate pipe and prevent the carbon dioxide in the water from coming into contact with the pipe wall. Filming amines may also be appropriate for use if there is a high degree of air leakage (oxygen) because they c...
chemical treatment is essential. Knowledge of thermodynamic and mechanical interactions of plant equipment is important. The operator should be particularly aware of safe operating procedures. Since internal chemical treatment of boiler water is a significant factor in achieving reliable and efficient plant operation, operators should have an under...
Chemical addition. Ion exchange. RO. Distillation.
Necessity for internal boiler water treatment. Deaeration and oxygen scavenging. Maintenance of concentration levels. Causes and effects of deposits, scale, and corrosion. Chemical treatment programs, such as phosphate, polymers, sulfite, hydrazine, and others. Where to feed chemicals. Effects of carryover and silica on steam purity. ...
Once-through cooling water systems. Recirculating cooling water systems. Need for and means of maintaining clean condensers. Chemicals and methods of treatment. COC.
Surface versus bottom. Internal provisions. Estimating blowdown. Continuous and intermittent. Controllers and COC. Heat recovery through flash tanks and heat exchangers for boilers.
Basic water chemistry. Chemistry concepts. Water chemistry fundamentals. Elementary water treatment. Water chemistry applications. Water treatment equipment. Boiler water treatment. Raw water treatment. Ion exchange. Cooling water treatment.
Take the boiler out of service and drain it completely while still warm. Make sure the water walls and gauge columns are not overlooked. Lock and tag out boiler in accordance with written procedures. Break the feedwater and steam connections to the boiler and blank off connections if other boilers in the plant are operating. The boiler may be opene...
Application of a high dosage of a filming amine prior to shut down can be effective, but its use is restricted for many applications and is prohibited in military operations. Application of a high dosage of neutralizing amines or of a specialty volatile oxygen scavenger can be helpful. The application of any amine or specialty volatile oxygen scave...
A1. Boiler water most often contains hydroxyl (OH-) alkalinity. The OH- contribution to conductivity is disproportionately large compared to other ion species. Furthermore, the OH- contribution towards conductivity is not used in calculating TDS. The OH- conductivity is therefore neutralized using an organic acid (i.e., gallic acid). Organic acids ...
A4. There is no absolute rule for frequency of bottom blowdown. It can vary between once per shift to once or twice a week. The required frequency depends on the boiler, the feedwater quality and the type of chemical treatment program. A precipitating treatment program reacts with hardness in the feedwater to form a sludge that must be removed thro...
A7. COC is controlled through blowdown. Blowdown is often measured by maintaining conductivity or TDS within a specific control range. Chemical treatment levels are controlled by the chemical feed rate into the boiler and by blowdown. It is best to maintain consistent control of COC first, followed by proper adjustment of chemical feed rates. If th...
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Jan 1, 2017 · In this chapter, features and roles of steam turbines in power generation and technology trends of steam turbines are presented for the introduction of steam turbines designed for power plants.
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Using the wrong materials in a steam plant can increase the potential for corrosion, scaling, and deposition. For example, water and steam chemistry control is much simpler and more efficient when copper alloys are avoided throughout the cycle. Control Of copper-alloy corrosion requires boiler, feedwater, and condensate treat- ment chemicals.
