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Rwanda-Rundi is a group of Bantu languages, specifically a dialect continuum, spoken in Central Africa. Two dialects, Kirundi and Kinyarwanda, have been standardized as the national languages of Burundi and Rwanda respectively.
- Ruanda-Urundi - Wikipedia
Ruanda-Urundi (French pronunciation: [ʁwɑ̃da uʁundi]), [a]...
- Ruanda-Urundi - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ruanda-Urundi. Ruanda-Urundi was a part of German East...
- Ruanda-Urundi - Wikipedia
Ruanda-Urundi (French pronunciation: [ʁwɑ̃da uʁundi]), [a] later Rwanda-Burundi, was a geopolitical entity, once part of German East Africa, that was occupied by troops from the Belgian Congo during the East African campaign in World War I and was administered by Belgium under military occupation from 1916 to 1922.
Kinyarwanda, [3] Rwandan or Rwanda, officially known as Ikinyarwanda, [4] is a Bantu language and the national language of Rwanda. [5] It is a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language that is also spoken in adjacent parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Uganda, where the dialect is known as Rufumbira or Urufumbira.
Rwanda-Rundi is a group of Bantu languages, specifically a dialect continuum, spoken in Central Africa. Two dialects, Kirundi and Kinyarwanda, have been standardized as the national languages of Burundi and Rwanda respectively.
- Phonology
- Official Use
- References
- External Links
Consonants
Although the literature on Rundi agrees on 5 vowels, the number of consonants can vary anywhere from 19 to 26 consonants.The table below is compiled from a survey of academic acceptance of Rundi consonants.
Vowels
The table below gives the vowel sounds of Rundi. All five vowels occur in long and short forms. The distinction is phonemic.
Tone
Rundi is a tonal language. There are two essential tones in Rundi: high and low (or H and L). Since Rundi has phonemic distinction on vowel length, when a long vowel changes from a low tone to a high tone it is marked as a rising tone. When a long vowel changes from a high tone to a low tone, it is marked as a falling tone. Rundi is often used in phonology to illustrate examples of Meeussen's ruleIn addition, it has been proposed that tones can shift by a metrical or rhythmic structure. Some...
Kirundi was recognized an official language in Burundi by the 1962 Constitution of the Kingdom of Burundi. In accordance with the constitution, many Burundian government orders, especially those printed in the Bulletin Officiel du Burundi from 1962 to 1963, were written in both French and Kirundi. After the constitution was suspended in 1966, Kirun...
Broselow, Ellen; Niyondagara, Alice (Spring 1990). "Feature geometry of Kirundi palatalization". Studies in the Linguistic Sciences. 20 (1): 71–88. ISSN 0049-2388.de Samie, Thierry (2009). Dictionnaire français-kirundi (2nd ed.). Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-09185-6.Goldsmith, John; Sabimana, Firmard (1989). "The Kirundi Verb" (PDF). Modèles en tonologie: kirundi et kinyarwanda. Paris: Editions du CNRS. ISBN 9782222043232. Archived (PDF)from the original on 20...Meeussen, A. E. (1959). Essai de grammaire Rundi. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Série Sciences Humaines – Linguistique. Vol. 24. Tervuren.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publish...Ruanda-Urundi. Ruanda-Urundi was a part of German East Africa. Belgian troops invaded during World War I. The military occupation lasted from 1916 to 1924 when the territory came under Belgian rule.
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