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The handover of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China was at midnight on 1 July 1997. This event ended 156 years of British rule in the former colony, which began in 1841.
- 1 July 1997; 26 years ago
- Overview
- The British crown colony of Hong Kong
- The handover ceremony and the imposition of Chinese rule
handover of Hong Kong, transfer of the British crown colony of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty, ending 156 years of British rule. After a formal handover ceremony on July 1, 1997, the colony became the Hong Kong special administrative region (HKSAR) of the People’s Republic of China.
The handover ceremony culminated a 13-year transition that had been initiated by the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong, signed by the heads of the two governments in December 1984. The agreement stipulated that under Chinese rule the HKSAR would enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in matters of foreign relations and defense, and that the social and economic systems as well as the lifestyle in Hong Kong would remain unchanged for 50 years after 1997. Many observers, however, expressed considerable skepticism about China’s pledge to abide by the “one country, two systems” plan outlined in the agreement. They feared that China would drastically curtail the rights and freedoms of Hong Kong residents. This prediction came true in 2020, with the passage by Beijing of a security law that effectively ended the “one country, two systems” arrangement.
Great Britain acquired Hong Kong Island from China in 1842, when the Treaty of Nanjing was signed at the end of the First Opium War (1839–42). Unsatisfied with incomplete control of the harbour, the British forced China to cede the Kowloon Peninsula south of what is now Boundary Street and Stonecutters (Ngong Shuen) Island (now joined to the mainland) less than 20 years later, after the Second Opium War (1856–60). By the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, the New Territories together with 235 islands were leased to Britain for 99 years from July 1, 1898. After the communists took power in China in 1949, Hong Kong became a sanctuary for hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing communist rule. In the following decades the Chinese government insisted that the treaties giving Britain sovereignty over Hong Kong were invalid.
Although in 1984 Britain and China agreed on the terms of the handover of Hong Kong, Sino-British cooperation during the transition period deteriorated after the appointment in 1992 of Chris Patten as Hong Kong’s last colonial governor. Sharply breaking with past practice, Patten initiated a series of political reforms designed to give the people of Hong Kong a greater voice in government via democratic elections to the Legislative Council (LegCo). China’s crackdown on the student-led democracy movement in 1989 fed anxiety in Hong Kong regarding the handover and led to the political awakening of a previously quiescent population. Beijing made efforts to stonewall Patten’s reforms, which it condemned as a betrayal of London’s earlier promises to manage the transition as an exercise in which Hong Kong had no voice of its own. When Hong Kong’s Democratic Party, led by barrister Martin Lee, routed pro-Beijing politicians in the 1995 LegCo elections, Beijing denounced Patten and began a series of strong measures aimed at reestablishing its influence.
Pomp and pageantry marked the formal handover ceremony, which began on the evening of June 30, 1997. In attendance were numerous dignitaries from around the world, including Pres. Jiang Zemin and Premier Li Peng of China, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Prince Charles, and U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Charles, who gave a short speech in which he congratulated the colony on its political, economic, and social successes, told the people of Hong Kong, “We shall not forget you, and we shall watch with the closest interest as you embark on this new era of your remarkable history.” Jiang, the first mainland Chinese head of state to visit Hong Kong since 1842, reassured residents that China would carry out the “one country, two systems” plan of local autonomy, which had been contrived principally by Chinese paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Deng died on February 19, 1997, just four and a half months before the power transfer he had hoped to witness.
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On the morning of the handover, several thousand specially trained troops of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army were deployed in Hong Kong as garrison forces symbolizing the reassertion of China’s sovereignty. Chinese authorities did not attempt to suppress several rallies outside the LegCo building on June 30–July 1, even when Lee addressed thousands of demonstrators from a balcony after LegCo had officially been dissolved. The protests proceeded peacefully.
Tung, in his first speech as chief executive, skirted the issues of political rights and democracy, choosing to espouse “traditional Chinese values.” He also focused on mundane but important issues such as housing and education, vowing to increase the rate of home ownership in Hong Kong to 70 percent over the next 10 years and to provide better training for teachers. Tung counted on enhanced social programs, including government payments to the elderly poor, and continuing prosperity to marginalize political opposition to his new administration. Most citizens of Hong Kong, of whom 95 percent were ethnic Chinese, appeared ready to give him the benefit of the doubt, at least for the time being. Tung and the provisional legislature prepared for the first post-handover legislative elections in mid-1998 by reworking the rules of the political game. On July 8 it was announced that only 20 of the 60 legislative seats would be filled via a system of proportional representation. The remaining 40 seats would be chosen by electoral colleges and an election committee, as they were in the period prior to the implementation of Patten’s reforms. This change virtually ensured the dominance of Hong Kong’s business and professional elite, most of whose members valued stability—which they identified with their own power—over democratic representation.
Jiang hailed the “return of Hong Kong to the motherland” as a great historical event that presaged Taiwan’s eventual reunification with mainland China. Both Taiwan’s ruling Nationalist Party and its main opposition, the Democratic Progressive Party, vigorously rejected Jiang’s assertion and vowed to resist Beijing’s attempts to exert pressure on the island nation. In late June Taiwan conducted live-fire military exercises, which were intended as a signal to China that Taiwan would resist any attempts at reunification. On June 28 approximately 70,000 people in Taiwan attended a “Say No to China” anti-reunification rally. Although the Taiwanese government encouraged China to protect freedom in Hong Kong, it made it clear that Taiwan would not be absorbed in a similar manner.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
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After 2047, mainland China is no longer obliged to grant Hong Kong the autonomy agreed on with Britain before the 1997 handover, leaving the city's fate unclear.
Jul 1, 2022 · HONG KONG (AP) — The following are key events in the history of Hong Kong, which marked the 25th anniversary of its handover from British to Chinese rule on Friday. China had promised the territory could retain its civil, economic and political liberties for 50 years under the “one country, two systems” framework.
Jul 2, 2022 · The 1st of July, 1997, will be a day worth remembering forever. That's what then-Chinese president Jiang Zemin said during the historic handover of the city of Hong Kong from Britain to China....
Mar 19, 2024 · How has Beijing eroded Hong Kong’s freedoms? Beijing had been chipping away at Hong Kong’s freedoms since the handover, experts say.
Nov 24, 2009 · At midnight on July 1, 1997, Hong Kong reverts back from British rule to Chinese rule.
