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Learn about South Africa, the southernmost country in Africa, with 12 official languages and diverse ethnic groups. Explore its history from ancient times to modern democracy, its geography from coastlines to mountains, and its politics from apartheid to democracy.
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South Africa, the southernmost country on the African continent, renowned for its varied topography, great natural beauty, and cultural diversity, all of which have made the country a favoured destination for travelers since the legal ending of apartheid (Afrikaans: “apartness,” or racial separation) in 1994.
South Africa’s remoteness—it lies thousands of miles distant from major African cities such as Lagos and Cairo and more than 6,000 miles (10,000 km) away from most of Europe, North America, and eastern Asia, where its major trading partners are located—helped reinforce the official system of apartheid for a large part of the 20th century. With that system, the government, controlled by the minority white population, enforced segregation between government-defined races in housing, education, and virtually all spheres of life, creating in effect three nations: one of whites (consisting of peoples primarily of British and Dutch [Boer] ancestry, who struggled for generations to gain political supremacy, a struggle that reached its violent apex with the South African War of 1899–1902); one of Blacks (consisting of such peoples as the San hunter-gatherers of the northwestern desert, the Zulu herders of the eastern plateaus, and the Khoekhoe farmers of the southern Cape regions); and one of “Coloureds” (mixed-race people) and ethnic Asians (Indians, Malays, Filipinos, and Chinese). The apartheid regime was disdained and even vehemently opposed by much of the world community, and by the mid-1980s South Africa found itself among the world’s pariah states, the subject of economic and cultural boycotts that affected almost every aspect of life. During this era the South African poet Mongane Wally Serote remarked,
There is an intense need for self-expression among the oppressed in our country. When I say self-expression I don’t mean people saying something about themselves. I mean people making history consciously….We neglect the creativity that has made the people able to survive extreme exploitation and oppression. People have survived extreme racism. It means our people have been creative about their lives.
Eventually forced to confront the untenable nature of ethnic separatism in a multicultural land, the South African government of F.W. de Klerk (1989–94) began to repeal apartheid laws. That process in turn set in motion a transition toward universal suffrage and a true electoral democracy, which culminated in the 1994 election of a government led by the Black majority under the leadership of the long-imprisoned dissident Nelson Mandela. As this transition attests, the country has made remarkable progress in establishing social equity in a short period of time.
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South Africa is bordered by Namibia to the northwest, by Botswana and Zimbabwe to the north, and by Mozambique and Swaziland to the northeast and east. Lesotho, an independent country, is an enclave in the eastern part of the republic, entirely surrounded by South African territory. South Africa’s coastlines border the Indian Ocean to the southeast...
Learn about South Africa, the southernmost country on the African continent, with diverse cultures, landscapes, and natural resources. Explore its history from apartheid to democracy, its capitals, population, currency, and more.
Aug 23, 2024 · A comprehensive overview of South Africa's geography, people, society, government, economy, and more. Learn about the history, culture, natural resources, and challenges of the country from the official source of the US intelligence community.
Jul 9, 2011 · South Africa has one of the continent's biggest and most developed economies. For some 40 years it was ruled by a white minority government, when the National Party came to...
Explore South Africa's diverse landscapes, wildlife, culture and history with Lonely Planet's expert tips and advice. Find the best time and places to visit, attractions, activities, transportation, visa requirements and more.
Jul 11, 2023 · Explore the geography, provinces, and landmarks of South Africa, the southernmost country in Africa. Find out where it is located, what its capital cities are, and what its population and area are.
Learn about South Africa's geography, history, culture, and economy from Britannica's comprehensive overview. Find out its population, capital, currency, languages, and more.
