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The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, was a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world.
- 16 December 1986 – 28 June 1996, (9 years, 6 months, 1 week and 5 days), Main phase:, 12 May 1988 – 26 December 1991, (3 years, 7 months and 2 weeks)
The History of 1989: The Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe. Some of aspects of state national economy evolution in the system of the international economic order. A look at the collapse of Eastern European Communism two decades later Diarsipkan 2009-10-03 di Wayback Machine.
- Jatuhnya Komunisme, Kolapsnya Komunisme, Revolusi Eropa
- Eropa (terutama Eropa Tengah, kemudian merambat ke Eropa Timur), China, Negara komunis lainnya
- 21 April 1988 – 24 September 1993, (4 tahun dan 6 hari)
- Warga negara-negara Blok Timur
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- Forerunners
- Establishment
- 1926 Revolt
- Resurgence
- Leadership of D. N. Aidit
- 1955 Legislative Election
- Struggle Against Capitalism
- PRRI Rebellion
- Nasakom
- Guided Democracy
The Indies Social Democratic Association (Dutch: Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging, ISDV) was founded in 1914 by Dutch socialist Henk Sneevliet and another Indies socialist. The 85-member ISDV was a merger of the two Dutch socialist parties (the SDAP and the Socialist Party of the Netherlands), which would become the Communist Party of the...
At its 23 May 1920 congress in Semarang, the ISDV changed its name to Perserikatan Komunis di Hindia (PKH; the Communist Union of the Indies). Semaunbecame party chairman, and Darsono the vice-chairman. Its highest committee members were predominantly Dutch. During this time, communist sympathizers were still considered part of Sarekat Islam itself...
Planning
In a May 1925 plenary session, the Comintern executive committee ordered the Indonesian communists to form an anti-imperialist coalition with non-communist, nationalist organizations; extremist elements led by Alimin and Musso called for a revolution to overthrow the Dutch colonial government. At a conference in Prambanan, Central Java, communist-controlled trade unions decided that the revolution would start with a strike by railroad workers which would then trigger a general strike; after t...
Revolt
However, a limited revolt in Batavia (as Jakarta was then known) began out on 12 November; similar revolts took place in Padang, Bantam and Surabaya. The Batavia revolt was crushed in a day or two, and the others were quashed in a few weeks.
Aftermath
As a result of the failed revolution, 13,000 people were arrested, 4,500 imprisoned, 1,308 interned, and 823 exiled to the Boven-Digoel camp in the Digul region of Western New Guinea; several people died in captivity. Many non-communist political activists were also targeted by colonial authorities under the pretext of suppressing the communist rebellion, and the party was outlawed by the Dutch East Indiesgovernment in 1927. The PKI went underground, and Dutch (and, later, Japanese) surveilla...
National revolution
The PKI re-emerged on the political scene after the 1945 surrender of Japan and actively participated in the Indonesian National Awakening; many armed units were under PKI control or influence. Although PKI militias played an important role in fighting the Dutch, President Sukarno was concerned that the party's growing influence would eventually threaten his position. Because the PKI's growth troubled the right-wing sectors of Indonesian society and some foreign powers (especially the vigorou...
Madiun affair
On 11 August 1948, Musso returned to Jakarta after twelve years in the Soviet Union. The PKI politburo was reconstructed, and included D. N. Aidit, M. H. Lukman and Njoto. After signing the Renville Agreement in 1948, many of the republican armed units returned from zones of conflict; this gave the Indonesian republicans some confidence that they would be able to counter the PKI militarily. Guerrilla units and militias under PKI influence were ordered to disband. In Madiun, a group of PKI mil...
Publishing
During the 1950s, the party began publishing again; its main publications were Harian Rakyat and Bintang Merah, as well as quarterly journal PKI dan Perwakilan.
National Unity Front
In January 1951, during the meeting of the Central Committee, D. N. Aidit was chosen General Secretary. Under Aidit, the PKI grew rapidly—from 3,000–5,000 in 1950 to 165,000 in 1954 and 1.5 million in 1959. The PKI led a series of militant strikes in August 1951 which were followed by clamp-downs in Medan and Jakarta, and the party leadership briefly went underground.
Consultative Body of Political Parties
Also under Aidit, the PKI began to consider the possibility of cooperation with the Indonesian National Party (PNI) to overthrow the Masyumi-led cabinet of Mohammad Natsir.
The PKI favoured Sukarno's plans for Guided Democracybefore the 1955 election, and actively supported him. The party finished fourth in the election, with 16 percent of the vote and nearly two million members. It won 39 seats (out of 257), and 80 out of 514 in the Constituent Assembly. Almost 30 percent of the votes in East Javawere cast for the PK...
Opposition to continued Dutch control of Irian Jaya was often raised by the party during the decade, and the PKI office in Jakarta experienced a grenade attack in July 1957. The party made advances in municipal elections that month, and in September the Islamist Masyumi Partydemanded that the PKI be banned. On 3 December, trade unions largely under...
A coup attempt was made by pro-U.S. forces in the military and the political right wing in February 1958. The rebels, based in Sumatra and Sulawesi, proclaimed a Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia(Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia) on 15 February. The revolutionary government immediately began arresting thousands of PKI ...
In August 1959 there was an attempt on behalf of the military to prevent the PKI's party congress. The congress was held as scheduled, however, and was addressed by Sukarno. In 1960, Sukarno introduced "Nasakom": an abbreviation of nasionalisme (nationalism), agama (religion) and komunisme(communism). The PKI's role as a junior partner in the Sukar...
Although the PKI supported Sukarno, it retained its political autonomy; in March 1960, the party denounced the president's undemocratic handling of the budget. On 8 July of that year, Harian Rakyat carried an article critical of the government. The PKI leadership was arrested by the army, but was later released in accordance with Sukarno's orders. ...
- 23 May 1914; 109 years ago
- Jakarta
In 1989, popular revolutions exploded across Central and Eastern Europe, bringing an end to communist rule and the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States. Twenty years later, as eastern Europeans mark the anniversary of these events, Professor Dragostinova analyzes the social and political weight of those boots in the region.
Politik Blok Timur mengikuti pendudukan sebagian besar Eropa Tengah dan Timur oleh Tentara Merah pada akhir Perang Dunia II dan pengangkatan pemerintahan Marxis-Leninis yang dikendalikan oleh Uni Soviet di wilayah yang kemudian disebut sebagai Blok Timur melalui proses politik blok dan penindasan. Pemerintahan tersebut mengandung unsur-unsur ...
Nov 8, 2019 · Now 30 years removed from 1989's "annus mirabilis" – Central and Eastern Europe's year of miracles, when communist regimes seemingly toppled like dominoes – it's easy to focus on the Western ...
On the night of November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall—the most potent symbol of the cold-war division of Europe—came down. Earlier that day, the Communist authorities of the German Democratic Republic had announced the removal of travel restrictions to democratic West Berlin. Thousands of East Germans streamed into the West, and in the course ...
