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  1. Irish orthography is the set of conventions used to write Irish. A spelling reform in the mid-20th century led to An Caighdeán Oifigiúil, the modern standard written form used by the Government of Ireland, which regulates both spelling and grammar. [1] The reform removed inter-dialectal silent letters, simplified some letter sequences, and ...

  2. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Old_IrishOld Irish - Wikipedia

    • Notable Characteristics
    • Classification
    • Sources
    • Phonology
    • Orthography
    • History
    • Grammar
    • See Also
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    Notable characteristics of Old Irish compared with other old Indo-European languages, are: 1. Initial mutations, including lenition, nasalisation and aspiration/gemination. 2. A complex system of verbal allomorphy. 3. A system of conjugated prepositionsthat is unusual in Indo-European languages but common to Celtic languages. There is a great deal ...

    Old Irish was the only member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, which is, in turn, a subfamily of the wider Indo-European language family that also includes the Slavonic, Italic/Romance, Indo-Aryan and Germanic subfamilies, along with several others. Old Irish is the ancestor of all modern Goidelic languages: Modern Irish, Scottish Ga...

    Relatively little survives in the way of strictly contemporary sources. They are represented mainly by shorter or longer glosses on the margins or between the lines of religious Latin manuscripts, most of them preserved in monasteries in Germany, Italy, Switzerland, France and Austria, having been taken there by early Irish missionaries. Whereas in...

    Consonants

    The consonant inventory of Old Irish is shown in the chart below. The complexity of Old Irish phonology is from a four-way split of phonemes inherited from Primitive Irish, with both a fortis–lenis and a "broad–slender" (velarised vs. palatalised) distinction arising from historical changes. The sounds /f v θ ð x ɣ h ṽ n l r/ are the broad lenis equivalents of broad fortis /p b t d k ɡ s m N L R/; likewise for the slender (palatalised) equivalents. (However, most /f fʲ/ sounds actually derive...

    Vowels

    Old Irish had distinctive vowel length in both monophthongs and diphthongs. Short diphthongs were monomoraic, taking up the same amount of time as short vowels, while long diphthongs were bimoraic, the same as long vowels. (This is much like the situation in Old English but different from Ancient Greek whose shorter and longer diphthongs were bimoraic and trimoraic, respectively: /ai/ vs. /aːi/.) The inventory of Old Irish long vowels changed significantly over the Old Irish period, but the s...

    Stress

    Stress is generally on the first syllable of a word. However, in verbs it occurs on the second syllable when the first syllable is a clitic (the verbal prefix as- in as·beir /asˈberʲ/ "he says"). In such cases, the unstressed prefix is indicated in grammatical works with a following centre dot(·).

    As with most medieval languages, the orthography of Old Irish is not fixed, so the following statements are to be taken as generalisations only. Individual manuscriptsmay vary greatly from these guidelines. The Old Irish alphabet consists of the following eighteen letters of the Latin alphabet: 1. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, ...

    Old Irish underwent extensive phonological changes from Proto-Celtic in both consonants and vowels. Final syllables were lost or transphonologizedas grammatical mutations on the following word. In addition, unstressed syllables faced various reductions and deletions of their vowels.

    Old Irish is a fusional, nominative-accusative, and VSOlanguage. Nouns decline for 5 cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, prepositional, vocative; 3 genders: masculine, feminine, neuter; 3 numbers: singular, dual, plural. Adjectives agree with nouns in case, gender, and number. The prepositional case is called the dativeby convention. Verbs con...

    Beekes, Robert (1995). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction.
    Fortson, Benjamin W., IV (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction.
    Green, Antony (1995). Old Irish Verbs and Vocabulary. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Press. ISBN 1-57473-003-7.
    Kortlandt, Frederik Herman Henri (2007). Italo-Celtic Origins and the Prehistory of the Irish Language. Leiden Studies in Indo-European. Vol. 14. Rodopi. ISBN 978-9042021778.
    Old Irish dictionary Archived 30 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
    Old Irish Online by Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin
    eDIL (digital edition of the Dictionary of the Irish Language)
    • 6th century–10th century; evolved into Middle Irish by around the 10th century
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  4. The Viking invasions of the ninth & tenth centuries led to the destruction of several early manuscripts. Gaelic script was known as ‘ An Cló Gaelach ‘ in Irish. It may also be known as Irish character, Irish type, Gaelic type, Celtic type or the uncial alphabet. Notable features included type of writing system, numeracy, eighteen letters.

  5. nualeargais.ie › gnag › orthoIrish Orthography

    Especially common is the symbol for agus (and): In modern writings, this is replaced by a 7 (e.g. 7rl. = agus araile = and so on). Still common is .i. the sign for id est, in English i.e.. Written out it would be in Irish: eadhon = es (is) (an emphatic form of ea)

  6. Irish is known as Irish, Gaelic or Irish Gaelic in English. The official standard name in Irish is Gaeilge /ˈɡeːlʲɟə/. Before the 1948 spelling reform, this was spelled Gaedhilge. In Middle Irish the name was spelled Gaoidhealg, in Classical Irish it was Gaoidhealg [ˈɡeːʝəlˠɡ], and it was Goídelc in Old Irish.

  7. The Irish-English dictionaries included Dinneen’s famous work (1904, 1927) also Contributions to a Dictionary of the Irish Language (1913–76) published by the Royal Irish Academy, which was a reference work of Old and Middle Irish, and Ó Dónaill’s Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (1977).

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