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In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the lingua franca of the country of Yugoslavia, being the sole official language in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (when it was called "Serbo-Croato-Slovenian"), and afterwards the official language of four out of six republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
- 19 million (2022)
Aug 18, 2014 · However, this unity and equality was short-lived. In March 1967, a number of Croatian cultural and scientific institutions issued the Declaration on the name and status of the Croatian literary language, which called for the use of four official languages in Yugoslavia: Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian, and Macedonian.
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Official languages at a republican level. Serbo-Croatian – a pluricentric language and dialect continuum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia, split into four national standard varieties used in respective countries after the breakup of Yugoslavia: Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian.
Map of countries of former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1992) including Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia (Full name being Bosnia and Herzegovina) pablofdezr - stock.adobe.com. "The languages referred to as "Bosnian" "Croatian" and "Serbian" are one common language, albeit with different dialects."-- BBC.
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In socialist Yugoslavia, the language was approached as a pluricentric language with two regional normative varieties—Eastern (used in Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina by all ethnicities, either with the Ekavian or the Ijekavian accent) and Western (used in Croatia by all ethnicities, the Ijekavian accent only). However, due to discon...
Script
Though all of the language variants could theoretically use either, the scriptsdiffer: 1. Bosnian and Montenegrin officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, but the Latin one is more in widespread use. 2. Croatian exclusively uses the Latin alphabet. 3. Serbian uses both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Cyrillic is the official script of the administration in Serbia and Republika Srpska, but the Latin script is the most widely used in media and especially on the Internet.[citation nee...
Phonemes
Three out of four standard variants have the same set of 30 regular phonemes, so the Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian Latin and Serbian Cyrillic alphabets map one to one with one another and with the phoneme inventory, while Montenegrin alphabet has 32 regular phonemes, the additional two being ⟨Ś⟩ and ⟨Ź⟩. Some linguists analyse the yat reflexes ⟨je⟩ and ⟨ije⟩, commonly realised as [ie]in Croatian and Bosnian dialects, as a separate phoneme – "jat diphthong" – or even two phonemes, one short and one...
Orthography
The Serbian variety usually phonetically transcribesforeign names and words (although both transcription and transliteration are allowed), whereas the Croatian standard usually transliterates. Bosnian and Montenegrin accept both models, but transliteration is often preferred. Also, when the subject of the future tense is omitted, producing a reversal of the infinitive and auxiliary "ću", only the final "i" of the infinitive is orthographically elided in Croatian and Bosnian, whereas in Serbia...
Accentuation
In general, the Shtokavian dialects that represent the foundation of the four standard varieties have four pitch accents on stressed syllables: falling tone on a short vowel, written e.g. ⟨ı̏⟩ in dictionaries; rising tone on a short vowel, written e.g. ⟨ì⟩; falling tone on a long vowel, written e.g. ⟨î⟩; and rising tone on a long vowel, written e.g. ⟨í⟩. In addition, the following unstressed vowel may be either short, ⟨i⟩, or long, ⟨ī⟩. In declension and verb conjugation, accent shifts, both...
Morphology
There are three principal "pronunciations" (izgovori/изговори) of the Shtokavian dialect that differ in their reflexes of the Proto-Slavic vowel jat. Illustrated by the Common Slavic word for "child", dětę, they are: 1. dite in the Ikavian pronunciation 2. dijete in the Ijekavian pronunciation 3. dete in the Ekavian pronunciation The Serbian language recognises Ekavian and Ijekavian as equally valid pronunciations, whereas Croatian, Montenegrin and Bosnian accept only the Ijekavian pronunciat...
Internationalisms
Also many internationalismsand transliterations are different: (cf. German organisieren, konstruieren, analysieren) Historically, modern-age internationalisms entered Bosnian and Croatian mostly through German and Italian, Montenegrin mostly through Italian, whereas they entered Serbian through French and Russian, so different localisation patterns were established based on those languages. Also, Greek borrowings came to Serbian directly, but through Latin into Croatian: Most of terms for che...
Examples
The greatest differences between the standards is in vocabulary. However, most words are well understood, and even occasionally used, in the other standards. In most cases, common usage favours one variant and the other(s) are regarded as "imported", archaic, dialectal, or simply more rarely used. Note that there are only a few differences that can cause confusion, for example the verb "ličiti" means "to look like" in Serbian, Montenegrin and Bosnian, but in Croatian it is "sličiti"; "ličiti"...
Pronunciation and vocabulary differs among dialects spoken within Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia themselves. Each larger region has its own pronunciation and it is reasonably easy to guess...
The following samples, taken from article 1 to 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, are "synonymous texts, translated as literally as possible" in the sense of Ammon designed to demonstrate the differences between the standard varieties treated in this article in a continuous text. However, even when there is a different translation, it ...
Piper, Predrag (2008-05-01). "O prirodi gramatičkih razlika između srpskog i hrvatskog jezika" (zip/pdf) (in Serbo-Croatian). Jezik danas, Matica srpska. p. Lm159.3.pdf:840.[permanent dead link]Kovačić, Marko (December 2005). "Serbian and Croatian: One language or languages?". Jezikoslovlje. 6(2).- skupština
- nastavnikučitelj
- ronilac
- mislilac
Its course is traced from its construction at the turn of the twentieth century, through its deconstruction some ninety years later, to its eventual reconstruction as several national official languages (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin) following the Yugoslav wars of succession.
Oct 23, 2019 · Serbo-Croatian or Croato-Serbian was also the official language of the Yugoslavian Army and other official and semiofficial federal institutions, also in Slovenia and Macedonia, where otherwise Slovene and Macedonian (since 1945) functioned as official standard languages.
