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Plural: In German, Euro and Euro are used as both singular and plural when following a numeral, as is the case with all units of measurement of masculine (e.g. Meter, Dollar) or neuter gender (e.g. Kilo[gramm], etc.). However, when talking about individual coins, the plurals Euros and Cents are used.
Aug 4, 2022 · In 2016, over one third (35.4 %) of adults in the EU-28 did not know any foreign languages. A similar proportion (35.2 %) declared that they knew one foreign language, while just over one fifth (21 %) said they knew two foreign languages. The European Parliament is committed to ensuring the highest possible degree of multilingualism in its work.
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Due to the linguistic plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used (as opposed to the less common Greek or Cyrillic) and Arabic numerals (other text is used on national sides in national languages, but other text on the common side is avoided). For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, the map only ...
- EUR (numeric: .mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}978)
- Varies, see language and the euro
- Common Features of European Languages
- Linguae Francae
- Language and Identity, Standardization Processes
- Linguistic Minorities
- Issues in Language Politics
- Select Bibliography
- External Links
Writing systems
(Sources and further information for this section: Haarmann 1991, Grzega 2006) Writing was introduced to Europe by the Greeks, and from there also brought to the Romans (6th century BC). There are four alphabets in regular use in the areas generally considered Europe. The Latin alphabet was developed into several scripts. In the early years of Europe, the Carolingian minuscules were the most important variety of the Latin script. From this two branches developed, the Gothic/Fracture/German tr...
Sound features
(Sources and further information for this section: Haarmann 1973, Asher 1994, Price 1998, Grzega 2006) The sound systems of languages may differ considerably between languages. European languages can thus rather be characterized negatively, e.g. by the absence of click sounds. One could also think of specific prosodic features, such as tonal accents. But there are also tonal languages in Europe: Serbo-Croatian (e.g. lètī ‘he flies, is flying’ with long rising accent vs. lêta ‘years’ with long...
Grammatical features
(Sources and further information for this section: Asher 1994, Price 1998, Haspelmath 2001, Heine/Kuteva 2006) As a general introductory remark we can distinguish between three structural typesof languages: 1. isolating(i.e. grammatical/sentence functions are expressed through analytic means and relatively strict word-order rules, e.g. the strict S-V order rule in English), 2. agglutinating (i.e. grammatical/sentence functions are expressed through affixes, with one affix expressing exactly o...
(Sources and further information for this section: Haarmann 1975, Haarmann 1993, Grzega 2006) Three linguae francaeare prominent in European history: 1. (Medieval and Neo-) Latin with a gradual decline as lingua franca since the late Middle Ages, when the vernacular languages gained more and more importance (first language academy in Italy in 1582/...
(Sources and further information for this section: Haarmann 1975, Haarmann 1993, Grzega 2006) In the Middle Ages the two most important definitory elements of Europe were Christianitas and Latinitas. Thus language—at least the supranational language—played an elementary role. This changed with the spread of the national languages in official contex...
(Sources and further information for this section: Stephens 1976, Price 1998, Ahrens 2003, Grzega 2006) Despite the importance of English as an international lingua franca in Europe, Europe is also linguistically diverse, and minority languages are protected, e.g. by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languagesfounded in the 1990s. This ...
(Sources and further information for this section: Siguan 2002, Ahrens 2003, Grzega 2006) France is the origin of two laws, or decrees, concerning language: the Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts (1239), which says that every document in France should be written in French (i.e. not in Latin nor Occitan) and the French Loi Toubon, which aims at elimina...
Wolfgang Abbe et al.: Bibliographie Europäische Sprachwissenschaft, 50 vols. Hamburg: Loges 2011.Rüdiger Ahrens (ed.): Europäische Sprachenpolitik / European Language Policy, Heidelberg: Winter 2003.R. E. Asher et al. (eds.): The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Oxford: Pergamon 1994.Roger Axtell: Do's and Taboos Around the World, White Plains: Benjamin 1993.Aug 8, 2020 · The Elephant in the Room: Language Issues in the European Union. European Journal of Language Policy, 1(2), 93–119. Google Scholar Zappettini, F. (2014). ‘A Badge of Europeanness’: Shaping Identity Through the European Union’s Institutional Discourse on Multilingualism. Journal of Language and Politics, 13(3), 375–402.
- Martijn Mos
- m.mos@fsw.leidenuniv.nl
- 2020
UE (depuis 1993) Ainsi l' Union européenne (UE), lors de sa création le 1er novembre 1993 par le traité de Maastricht, reconnaît neuf langues officielles : l'allemand, l'anglais, le danois, l'espagnol, le français, le grec, l'italien, le néerlandais, et le portugais. Le 1er janvier 1995, lors du 4e élargissement de l'UE par le traité de ...
Mar 11, 2013 · Gerhards argues that English should be the lingua franca of Europe pointing to the gains for everybody in terms of geographic mobility and integration of all peoples within the same European public sphere. English, as it appears, is already the more widespread first and second language in the EU. This reasoning heavily underestimates the ...
