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SimpleLogin. Proton Pass. Standard Notes. Location and security. Data centers. Funding. References. Proton (technology company) Proton AG is a Swiss technology company offering privacy -focused online services. It was founded in 2014 by a group of scientists who met at CERN and created Proton Mail.
- Proton Technologies
- Andy Yen (CEO), Bart Butler (CTO), Varun Kabra (CMO), Sir Tim Berners-Lee (advisor)
- 16 May 2014; 9 years ago
The proton–proton chain reaction, branch I, dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. The CNO cycle dominates in stars heavier than the Sun. An important fusion process is the stellar nucleosynthesis that powers stars, including the Sun. In the 20th century, it was recognized that the energy released from nuclear fusion reactions ...
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- Description
- History
- Occurrence
- Stability
- Quarks and The Mass of A Proton
- Charge Radius
- Interaction of Free Protons with Ordinary Matter
- Proton in Chemistry
- Human Exposure
- Antiproton
Protons are spin-1/2 fermions and are composed of three valence quarks, making them baryons (a sub-type of hadrons). The two up quarks and one down quark of a proton are held together by the strong force, mediated by gluons.: 21–22 A modern perspective has a proton composed of the valence quarks (up, up, down), the gluons, and transitory pairs of s...
The concept of a hydrogen-like particle as a constituent of other atoms was developed over a long period. As early as 1815, William Prout proposed that all atoms are composed of hydrogen atoms (which he called "protyles"), based on a simplistic interpretation of early values of atomic weights (see Prout's hypothesis), which was disproved when more ...
One or more bound protons are present in the nucleus of every atom.Free protons are found naturally in a number of situations in which energies or temperatures are high enough to separate them from electrons, for which they have some affinity. Free protons exist in plasmas in which temperatures are too high to allow them to combine with electrons.[...
The spontaneous decay of free protons has never been observed, and protons are therefore considered stable particles according to the Standard Model. However, some grand unified theories (GUTs) of particle physics predict that proton decay should take place with lifetimes between 1031 and 1036 years. Experimental searches have established lower bou...
In quantum chromodynamics, the modern theory of the nuclear force, most of the mass of protons and neutrons is explained by special relativity. The mass of a proton is about 80–100 times greater than the sum of the rest masses of its three valence quarks, while the gluons have zero rest mass. The extra energy of the quarks and gluons in a proton, a...
The internationally accepted value of a proton's charge radius is 0.8414 fm. The radius of the proton defined by a formula which can be calculated by quantum electrodynamics and be derived from either atomic spectroscopy or by electron-proton scattering. The formula involves a form-factor related to the two-dimensional partondiameter of the proton....
Although protons have affinity for oppositely charged electrons, this is a relatively low-energy interaction and so free protons must lose sufficient velocity (and kinetic energy) in order to become closely associated and bound to electrons. High energy protons, in traversing ordinary matter, lose energy by collisions with atomic nuclei, and by ion...
Atomic number
In chemistry, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is known as the atomic number, which determines the chemical element to which the atom belongs. For example, the atomic number of chlorine is 17; this means that each chlorine atom has 17 protons and that all atoms with 17 protons are chlorine atoms. The chemical properties of each atom are determined by the number of (negatively charged) electrons, which for neutral atoms is equal to the number of (positive) protons so that the to...
Hydrogen ion
In chemistry, the term proton refers to the hydrogen ion, H+ . Since the atomic number of hydrogen is 1, a hydrogen ion has no electrons and corresponds to a bare nucleus, consisting of a proton (and 0 neutrons for the most abundant isotope protium 1 1H). The proton is a "bare charge" with only about 1/64,000 of the radius of a hydrogen atom, and so is extremely reactive chemically. The free proton, thus, has an extremely short lifetime in chemical systems such as liquids and it reacts immedi...
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance
Also in chemistry, the term "proton NMR" refers to the observation of hydrogen-1 nuclei in (mostly organic) molecules by nuclear magnetic resonance. This method uses the quantized spin magnetic moment of the proton, which is due to its angular momentum (or spin), which in turn has a magnitude of one-half the reduced Planck constant. (ℏ / 2 {\\displaystyle \\hbar /2} ). The name refers to examination of protons as they occur in protium(hydrogen-1 atoms) in compounds, and does not imply that free...
The Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Packages (ALSEP) determined that more than 95% of the particles in the solar windare electrons and protons, in approximately equal numbers. Protons also have extrasolar origin from galactic cosmic rays, where they make up about 90% of the total particle flux. These protons often have higher energy than solar win...
CPT-symmetry puts strong constraints on the relative properties of particles and antiparticles and, therefore, is open to stringent tests. For example, the charges of a proton and antiproton must sum to exactly zero. This equality has been tested to one part in 108. The equality of their masses has also been tested to better than one part in 108. B...
Mar 10, 2021 · March 10, 2021 10:08 AM Eastern Standard Time. CALGARY, Alberta-- ( BUSINESS WIRE )--Proton Technologies began separating hydrogen again in late February at their project in Saskatchewan,...
Apr 18, 2017 · Three proton conundrums have scientists designing new experiments. Agreement eludes researchers on proton size, spin and stability. Radius. Current status: Two kinds of measurements of the...
A theory called Vector Meson Dominance (VMD) was developed to explain this effect. According to VMD, the photon is a superposition of the pure electromagnetic photon which interacts only with electric charges and vector mesons. [108]
Mar 10, 2021 · (Photo: Business Wire) Hydrogen is a carbonless fuel which creates no CO2 when used. Proton has a way to make clean hydrogen at an anticipated production cost below $0.30 US per kg with a lower carbon intensity than wind or solar to electrolysis.
