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1. Top results related to what is mips architecture used for in education

   • What is MIPS and what is it used for?

     Top Answer

     Answered Jan 10, 2016 · 3 votes

     MIPS is essentially a processor, like ARM, x86, PowerPC, 68K, pdp-11 and many many others.

     We know that intel pushed or helped push the idea of CISC and eventually had to resort to basically microcode using something else like a RISC or vliw.

     MIPS, on the other hand pushed or helped push the idea of RISC. The founders wrote basically a text book. The push the ideas of pipelining, caching, etc. things that everything made since or re-architected since tends to use, even microcontrollers. It is as good as any architecture to learn for educational purposes, the patents are such that you can make a usable processor from scratch, and avoid the patents (can with ARM as well but there isnt a line of textbooks that go with that). Look at opencores.org for example. Electrical and computer engineering students can learn the logic design side of computers using this architecture, or others but this tends to be a useful one. computer engineering and computer science students can learn assembly language to understand, at least a little bit better, what is going on behind their languages. Assembly language is a language itself although there are hundreds or thousands of them that use that same name: Assembly language, but are completely incompatible. Once you learn one though, usually that makes the others just a matter of syntax, likewise it helps make higher level programming languages just a matter of syntax.

     MIPS could be what we use instead of ARM. For every non-arm based thing you have you have perhaps at least one ARM based thing, even the x86 you are possibly reading this on, has one or some ARM cores in it. You would have to ask their marketing and sales why they didnt win. Likewise it was the 68K which was a chip not a core, that dominated before ARM took that over (for every x86 you had then you likely had one or two 68K based things).

     Absolutely a compiler can certainly do the assembly step itself and output machine code instead of assembly language code. but think of it from a perspective of testing, debugging, maintenance. Any new processor starts off with an assembler first, then maybe a linker at the same time, then later a compiler, but you always have an assembler and that assembler is used initially to develop the core. There is always an assembler available. it is much easier for a human writing a compiler to "see" assembly language output than machine code, they would need a disassembler just to debug their program. Now the trend in JIT compilers doesnt require necessarily but it greatly helps to go straight from intermediate code to machine code without calling another program or two. So we see a little of that. Likewise it makes sense to compile to objects and link the objects together rather than do all of it in one shot. So while possible and folks have done it, the overwhelming trend is to have a compiler that compiles to assembly language, assembler that assembles the assembly language into machine code objects then a linker that links those together into a final binary. This is how the major toolchains work.

     JAVA is not only a high level language but it has its own platform independent machine language. the compiler compiles the high level into this machine language. Then you have to have a jvm written in some other language, that the java runs on. Or some other way to run that java. Some compilers have been made to go to assembly language, or to convert the java into some other machine code. But the normal way of using java is to have this compile step then a runtime step.

     Python, pascal and others can and have had a platform independent machine code, that then requires an interpreter to execute.

     MIPS and ARM make IP, logic that a chip vendor someone who makes chips (or has them made since most are fabless) buys this ip and integrates it into their chip product. the PowerPC, intel x86, motorola 68K and many others are traditionally the same folks that own or make the processor core ip also make the chips and they dont sell the ip for those cores generally to other chip vendors. Everyone defends their IP in court, making it such that it is very difficult to make clones or even make a new instruction set that doesnt use patented ideas from someone else.

     Why learn this in school? Perhaps to find out just how things work and how inefficient high level languages can be or how important optimizers and other technology are, many other reasons.

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   • In MIPS architecture, what is the difference between a register which is preserved and non preserved on calls?

     Top Answer

     Answered Jun 27, 2023 · 0 votes

     Call preserved registers are not automatically reverted upon function return — they are manually restored by the exit code (called epilogue) of any function that modifies them.  This restoration is mandated by the calling convention, and every function follows the rules set forth by the calling convention (or else program is buggy and may work or may crash).

     There is no hardware difference in preserved vs. scratch registers — any differences are due to convention and register usage models supported by it.

     $ra is a parameter supplied by the caller that a function uses to return to the right call site, since a function can be invoked from different call sites.  These day we would describe the contents of parameter $ra as a return address (not to be confused with function return value); in older parlance, this was called linkage.  Thejal instruction implicitly targets the $ra register with the return address of the next instruction after the jal.  You don't necessarily have to use jal to call a function, but you do need to need to pass a valid return address in that register.  (Using the given instructions as intended for call and return helps with hardware branch prediction, when present, though.)

     If your function makes a call, this will involve a total of two return addresses — namely this function's own return address, and the called function's for return to this function.  Calling will necessarily repurpose the $ra register for this call.  This repurposing will wipe out the previous value held in that register, which is needed to get back to the caller, so a function that makes a function call has to consider its own return address, and save and restore that for its own benefit and usage.  Callers don't rely on $ra being restored.

     $ra restoration often appears along side $s register restoration, making $ra appear somewhat like a call-preserved register; however, it is used directly in the epilogue itself to return to the caller rather than being restored for the caller — its last use is within the function itself, whereas by contrast $s registers are being restored for some callers' benefit.

     By contrast, the $s registers are preserved for some caller's benefit.  We don't know which caller has what values in these registers, but we don't have to as long as we preserve the values in those registers — either by not using them, or by save & restore for the ones used.

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   • What is 'for' used for in bootstrap form label?

     Top Answer

     Answered Jun 06, 2016 · 13 votes

     If you click on the label with your mouse, then the cursor will automagically jump to the input specified in the 'for' attribute. It's really useful, don't remove it.

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     3/5

   • what is ^ used for in ruby?

     Top Answer

     Answered Jul 13, 2012 · 29 votes

     In most programming languages, ^ is the XOR operator (Exclusive Or in Wikipedia). XOR is one of the most essential operations in the CPU, it often employed to zero registers (think of a ^= a) because it is fast and has a short opcode.

     For the power function, you have to use e.g. ** (e.g. in ruby), java.lang.Math.pow, math.pow, pow etc.

     In fact, I couldn't name a programming language that uses ^. It is used in LaTeX for formatting (as superscript, not power function, technically). But the two variants I see all the time are ** (as the power function is directly related to multiplication) and pow(base, exp).

     Note that you can compute integer powers of 2 faster using shifts.

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   • What Is an IEnumerator In C# and what is it used for in Unity?

     Top Answer

     Answered Nov 17, 2021 · 8 votes

     what is the use of IEnumerator function

     IEnumerator there isn't a function, it's a return type. C# doesn't have functions either (but I know what you mean) - in C# we call them methods.

     IEnumerator being so called implies it is an interface, so any class that implements the IEnumerator interface can be returned by this method

     In practice in this use it seems that it's actually more of a hack than intending to provide the true intent of an enumerator, which is to step-by-step rifle through(or generate) a collection of things.

     When you use a yield return statement within a method "some magic happens" whereby it's not a return in the classic sense, but creates a facility whereby the code can resume from where it left off (calling for the next item out of the returned enumerator will cause the code to resume from after the yield, with all the state it had before, rather than starting over).

     If you look at the MSDN example for yield:

     public class PowersOf2{ static void Main() { // Display powers of 2 up to the exponent of 8: foreach (int i in Power(2, 8)) { Console.Write("{0} ", i); } }- public static System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<int> Power(int number, int exponent) { int result = 1;- for (int i = 0; i < exponent; i++) { result = result * number; yield return result; } }- // Output: 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256}-

     The loop is controlled by i; if this wasn't a yield return then this wouldn't function as intended (it couldn't return an enumerator for a start but we'll leave that out). Suppose it was just a normal return, the loop would never loop at all; the code would enter, start the loop, hit the return, and just return a number one time and all memory of where the loop was would be forgotten.

     By making it a yield return, an enumerator is returned instead, and a small set of "saved state" is set up whereby the loop can remember the current value of i - each time you ask for the next value, the code resumes where it left off from (ie just after the yield), the loop goes round again and a different value is yielded. This continues up to the max of course.. at which point the returned enumerator says it has no more items

     You could yield forever, too.. If the code can never escape the loop then it will yield/generate forever

     In this case you have to use yield return new WaitForSeconds because that's how WaitForSeconds is intended to work. Yielding gives up an enumerator to the calling method, which is then free to enumerate it. From the docs it looks like this is deliberately done on the next frame, so using yield (perhaps repeatedly) is a way of arranging a block of code that occurs across several frames without having some sort of external state management that remembers where the process is up to and a wordy

     • if state = 1 then close the door and add 1 to the state,
     • else if state = 2 then light the torch and add 1
     • else if state = 3 ...".

     You can just

     • yield,
     • close the door,
     • yield,
     • light the torch,
     • yield ..

     Can't we do this by this process

     Sure, looks reasonable; look at the clock 100 times a second and if 0.5 seconds have passed since you first looked at the clock, spawn the obstacles

     I'd imagine (never used Unity; don't profess to know anything about it other than having read the docs for this one function) that your Update loop has a lot more to be getting on with, so handing a process off to a dedicated wait-then-do is more efficient than spending all your time looking at a clock and carrying out a potentially complicated calc to work out if you should do something; most things in life that start out as poll-every-x-milliseconds benefit from being switched to an "if the event occurs, react to it" way of working

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2. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › MIPS_architectureMIPS architecture - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org › wiki › MIPS_architecture

   • Cached

   MIPS architecture. MIPS ( Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages) [1] is a family of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architectures (ISA) [2] : A-1 [3] : 19 developed by MIPS Computer Systems, now MIPS Technologies, based in the United States.

   • Introduced: 1985; 38 years ago
   • Bits: 64-bit (32 → 64)

   • Version: MIPS32/64 Release 6 (2014)

3. stackoverflow.com › questions › 2635086MIPS processors : Are they still in use? Which other ...

   stackoverflow.com › questions › 2635086

   • Cached

   Apr 14, 2010 · The reason that MIPS is taught in schools is because it is a 'classic' RISC architecture and is DLX-like, which is the kind of architecture used in the bible by Hennessy & Patterson (the god-fathers of modern RISC). It is very simple to understand in its simplicity and once you get it, moving onto other architectures is simple enough.

   • Cavium Networks and Raza MicroelectronicsBroadcom are two large MIPS chipmakers. See MIPS Imagination Technologies' website for more info. One thi...
   • If you're experienced in the x86(-64) world, then yes the move to a RISC processor is a good sideways move to keep your mind opening. Your question...
   • This is just speculation. Information is taken from Wikipedia article on MIPS. MIPS originated in an academic environment (Stanford), not a commer...
   • The Playstation 2 had a MIPS CPU. The PS3 uses the Cell, which looks like a POWER variant, and the XBox 360 uses a PowerPC, too. ARM seems to be g...
   • The MIPS CPU is taught as the "basic" RISC architecture processor because it was one of the first very successful RISC processors. SGI had several...
   • I would like to add that today you will see Chinese companies use MIPS, including notably Ingenic Semiconductor, which targets consumer markets, an...

4. People also ask

   Why is MIPS taught in schools?

   • The reason that MIPS is taught in schools is because it is a 'classic' RISC architecture and is DLX-like, which is the kind of architecture used in the bible by Hennessy & Patterson (the god-fathers of modern RISC). It is very simple to understand in its simplicity and once you get it, moving onto other architectures is simple enough.

   MIPS processors : Are they still in use? Which other architecture

   stackoverflow.com/questions/2635086/mips-processors-are-they-still-in-use-which-other-architecture-should-i-learn

   See all results for this question

   What is a MIPS instruction?

   • The processor used a technique called pipelining to more efficiently process instructions. MIPS used 32 registers, each 32 bits wide (a bit pattern of this size is referred to as a word ). The MIPS instruction set consists of about 111 total instructions, each represented in 32 bits. An example of a MIPS instruction is below:

   MIPS - Stanford University

   cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/courses/soco/projects/risc/mips/index.html

   See all results for this question

   Is MIPS a good design?

   • MIPS is a clean design with simple instructions, and is very popular in industry as well as academia. The widely-used Computer Organization and Design text is based on the MIPS architecture and instruction set.

   MARS: An Education-Oriented MIPS Assembly Language Simulator

   courses.missouristate.edu/KenVollmar/mars/fp288-vollmar.pdf

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   What is a MIPS ISA?

   • known as MIPS I, MIPS II, MIPS III, and MIPS IV. The MIPS I and II ISA's were 32 bit architectures. MIPS III added 64 bit capabilities - but with the core 32 bit architecture as a subset. We will confine our coverage to the core MIPS I architecture. Note that the MIPS architecture itself is older than you are!

   Introduction to MIPS - Gordon College

   cs.gordon.edu/courses/cps311/lectures-2021/Introduction to MIPS.pdf

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5. www.eecs.harvard.edu › ~cs161 › notesOverview of the MIPS Architecture: Part I - Harvard University

   www.eecs.harvard.edu › ~cs161 › notes

   MIPS R3000 ISA† •MIPS R3000 is a 32-bit architecture •Registers are 32-bits wide •Arithmetic logical unit (ALU) accepts 32-bit inputs, generates 32-bit outputs •All instruction types are 32-bits long •MIPS R3000 has: •32 general-purpose registers (for use by integer operations like subtraction, address calculation, etc)

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6. web.engr.oregonstate.edu › 02-MIPSArchitectureIntroduction to the MIPS Architecture - College of Engineering

   web.engr.oregonstate.edu › 02-MIPSArchitecture

   Built in data types (integers, floating point numbers) Fixed set of instructions Fixed set of on-processor variables (registers) Interface for reading/writing memory Mechanisms to do input/output. What is a computer architecture? Another view: How the ISA is implemented. Microarchitecture.

   • File Size: 224KB

   • Page Count: 24

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8. cs.gordon.edu › courses › cps311Introduction to MIPS - Gordon College

   cs.gordon.edu › courses › cps311

   Jun 21, 2021 · The MIPS architecture belongs to the general category of Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architectures. As such, it is easier to learn than a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architecture such as the x86 architecture used by most laptops and PCs. Although the x86 architecture (and its 64-bit extension) is not a RISC architecture ...

9. courses.missouristate.edu › KenVollmar › marsMARS: An Education-Oriented MIPS Assembly Language Simulator

   courses.missouristate.edu › KenVollmar › mars

   PSanderson@otterbein.edu. ABSTRACT. We describe the implementation of “MARS,” a GUI, Java-based simulator for the MIPS assembly language. MIPS, the computer architecture underlying the simulated assembly language, is widely used in industry and is the basis of the popular textbook.

10. cs.stanford.edu › projects › riscMIPS - Stanford University

    cs.stanford.edu › projects › risc

    • Cached

    The processor used a technique called pipelining to more efficiently process instructions. MIPS used 32 registers, each 32 bits wide (a bit pattern of this size is referred to as a word). Instruction Set The MIPS instruction set consists of about 111 total instructions, each represented in 32 bits. An example of a MIPS instruction is below: