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Cette page concerne l'année 1215 du calendrier julien. Pour l'année 1215 av. J.-C., voir 1215 av. J.-C. Chronologies. 15 juin : Jean d'Angleterre signe la Magna Carta. Elle garantit les droits féodaux, les libertés des villes contre l’arbitraire royal et institue le contrôle de l’impôt par le Grand Conseil du Royaume.
Al-Ashraf or al-Ashraf Musa (died 27 August 1237), fully Al-Ashraf Musa Abu'l-Fath al-Muzaffar ad-Din, was a Kurdish ruler of the Ayyubid dynasty. Governor of the Jezireh (1201–1229) [ edit ] Portrait of Saladin on a dirham minted under Al-Ashraf Musa in 1215-1216, with obverse legend: "The Victorious King, Righteousness of the World and the ...
- 1229–1237
- Sunni Islam
- Name and Early Life
- Mongol Campaigns
- Later Campaigns
- Legacy and Assessment
- References
- Further Reading
The spelling and meaning of his Turkic personal name are obscure. Early scholarship spelled it as Manguburti (or similar variants), whilst the most common variant today is Mangburni ("with a birthmark on the nose") or Mingirini ("valiant fighter worth one thousand men"; cf. Persian hazarmard).: 142 Jalal al-Din was reportedly the eldest son of the ...
Mongol invasion and accession
Genghis Khan had chosen to ignore a skirmish between the Mongol general Jochi and the Shah, in which Jalal al-Din's military acumen had saved the Shah from a humiliating defeat.: 255 However, he could not ignore the seizure of a trade caravan in Otrar and subsequent execution of Mongol envoys in Gurganj. War between the two new neighbours was inevitable.: 111 The Khan commanded a skilled and disciplined army: the precise size of it is heavily disputed, but most agree on around 75,000 to 200,0...
Battles at Parwan and the Indus
Jalal al-Din, who had just married Temur Malik's daughter to solidify ties, marched towards Kandahar which was under siege by a Mongol army and defeated them after a two-day battle.: 127 In autumn 1221, he then moved north to Parwan and attacked a besieging army north of Charikar in the Battle of Waliyan; the numerically inferior Mongols lost 1,000 and retreated across the river, destroying the bridge.: 442 Genghis sent an army numbering between thirty and forty-five thousand under Shigi Qutu...
Indian subcontinent
After the battle of Indus, Jalal al-Din crossed the Indus and settled in India. A local prince, who had six thousand men attacked Jalal al-Din's makeshift forces of no more than four thousand, but al-Din still triumphed, greatly enhancing his Indian appeal.: chapter 38 He then sought asylum in the Sultanate of Delhi but Iltutmish denied this to him because of al-Din's poor relationship with the Abbasid caliphs; he did however give one of his daughters to al-Din as a peace offering.: 310 The K...
Persia and Georgia
Having gathered an army and entered Persia, Jalal ad-Din sought to re-establish the Khwarazm kingdom, but he never fully consolidated his power. In 1224, he confirmed Burak Hadjib, ruler of the Qara Khitai, in Kerman, and received the submission of his brother Ghiyath, who had established himself in Hamadan and Isfahan, and the province of Fars, and clashed with the Caliph An Nasser in Khuzestan, from whom he captured parts of Western Iran. The next year, he dethroned the Uzbek Muzaffar al-Di...
Death
Through the ruler of Alamut, the Mongols learned that Jalal ad-Din had recently been defeated; the Nizari Ismaili Assassins sent a letter to Ögedei Khan, proposing joint operation against Jalal al-Din.: 392–3 Ögedei Khan sent a new army of 30,000 – 50,000 men under the command of Chormagan and the remaining Khwarazmians, whose numbers were in hundreds, were swept away by the new Mongol army, which occupied Northern Iran. Jalal ad-Din took refuge in the Silvan mountains and there in August he...
Jalal al-Din was considered by many to be a fearless commander and a great warrior. His biographer, Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, described him as follows: Juzjani described al-Din as "endowed with great heroism, valour and high talents and accomplishments". Yaqut al-Hamawi notes that Jalal al-Din was known as a bellicose warrior and Jalal al-D...
Bibliography
1. Barthold W. (1968). Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion(third ed.). Messers. Luzac and Company Ltd. 2. J. A. Boyle, ed. (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-06936-6. 3. Bregel, Yuri (2003). A Historical Atlas of Central Asia. Brill, Boston. OCLC 938109618. 4. Buniyatov, Z.M. (2015). A History of The Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids 1097–1231. IICAS Samarkand. ISBN 978-9943-357-21-1. 5. Cahen, Claude (1971). "ʿAbdallaṭīf al-Ba...
Melville, Charles (2021). "Juvaini's Account of Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah and the Crossing of the Indus: Historiographical and Pictorial Aspects". Iran Namag. 6(3–4).
- Ay-Chichek
- 1231 (aged 31–32), Silvan, Diyarbakır
- Menguberti, 1199, Gurganj
- Muhammad II
Ad abolendam ( lit. 'On abolition / Towards abolishing'; full title in Latin: Ad abolendam diversam haeresium pravitatem, lit. 'To abolish diverse malignant heresies') was a decretal and bull of Pope Lucius III, written at Verona and issued 4 November 1184. [1] It was issued after the Council of Verona settled some jurisdictional differences ...
The Ghurid dynasty (also spelled Ghorids; Persian: دودمان غوریان, romanized : Dudmân-e Ğurīyân; self-designation: شنسبانی, Šansabānī) was a Persianate dynasty of presumably eastern Iranian Tajik origin, which ruled from the 8th-century in the region of Ghor, and became an Empire from 1175 to 1215. [17]
- Persian (court, literature)
1212. 1212 ( MCCXII ) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1212th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 212th year of the 2nd millennium, the 12th year of the 13th century, and the 3rd year of the 1210s decade. As of the start of 1212, the Gregorian calendar was 7 days ahead of the Julian ...
Feb 21, 2024 · What language features are challenging? Diacritics usage in text; Punctuation usage in wikilinks; French quotes for citations; Applying rules to document titles (write Le Petit Prince, not Le petit prince for instance)
