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Confounding. A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by the presence of another variable. Positive confounding (when the observed association is biased away from the null) and negative confounding (when the observed association is biased toward the null) both occur. Effect modification.
Effect Measure Modification The term effect modification is applied to situations in which the magnitude of the effect of an exposure of interest differs depending on the level of a third variable. Reye's syndrome is a rare, but severe condition characterized by the sudden development of brain damage and liver dysfunction after a viral illness.
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What is effect modification?
What is the difference between effect modification and interaction?
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What is the difference between effect modification and confounding?
Jun 8, 2017 · Effect Modification is very important in clinical studies because it allows us to: Define high-risk subgroups, Take preventive, protective actions to ensure the health of subgroups. Be more precise in estimating effect, Conduct meaningful comparisons among different studies that might have different proportions of effect-modifying groups.
Interaction is when the observed joint effect of a risk factor and the third factor is greater than expected effect from the individual effects. Statistical interaction. Additive and multiplicative. In very simple terms, the difference between effect modification and interaction is biology versus statistics.
Jun 8, 2017 · The clinical motivation behind the assessment of effect modification is to identify whether the effect of a treatment (or exposure) is different in groups of patients with different characteristics. If the effects are the same, the treatment (or exposure) effect is called homogeneous; if the effects are different, they are called heterogeneous.
Sep 16, 2015 · For the second phenomenon, effect modification means that the mechanism of effect differs with background variables, which is known in the biomedical literature as dependent action or (again) interaction. The two phenomena are often confused, as reflected by the use of the same terms ( effect modification and interaction) for both.
