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The Georgian scripts are the three writing systems used to write the Georgian language: Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli. Although the systems differ in appearance, their letters share the same names and alphabetical order and are written horizontally from left to right .
Shkrimet gjeorgjiane janë tre sistemet e shkrimit të përdorura për të shkruar gjuhën gjeorgjiane: Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri dhe Mekhedri. Megjithëse sistemet ndryshojnë në pamjen, të tre janë unicase, letrat e tyre ndajnë të njëjtat emra dhe rendit alfabetik, dhe janë shkruar horizontalisht nga e majta në të djathtë.
May 5, 2023 · Category. : Georgian scripts. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Georgian scripts. alphabetic writing systems mostly used to transcribe the Georgian language and other Kartvelian languages. Upload media. Wikipedia. Wikibooks.
- Classification
- Dialects
- History
- Phonology
- Writing System
- Grammar
- Vocabulary
- Examples
- Language Example
- See Also
No claimed genetic links between the Kartvelian languages and any other language family in the world are accepted in mainstream linguistics. Among the Kartvelian languages, Georgian is most closely related to the so-called Zan languages (Megrelian and Laz); glottochronological studies indicate that it split from the latter approximately 2700 years ...
Standard Georgian is largely based on the Kartlian dialect.Over the centuries, it has exerted a strong influence on the other dialects. As a result, they are all, generally, mutually intelligible with standard Georgian, and with one another.
The history of the Georgian language is conventionally divided into the following phases: 1. Early Old Georgian: 5th–8th centuries 2. Classical Old Georgian: 9th–11th centuries 3. Middle Georgian: 11th/12th–17th/18th centuries 4. Modern Georgian: 17th/18th century–present The earliest extant references to Georgian are found in the writings of Marcu...
Consonants
On the left are IPAsymbols, and on the right are the corresponding letters of the modern Georgian alphabet, which is essentially phonemic. 1. Opinions differ on the aspiration of /t͡sʰ,t͡ʃʰ/, as it is non-contrastive.[citation needed] 2. Opinions differ on how to classify /x/ and /ɣ/; Aronson (1990) classifies them as post-velar, Hewitt (1995)argues that they range from velar to uvular according to context. 3. The uvular ejective stop is commonly realised as an uvular ejective fricative [χʼ]...
Vowels
Per Canepari, the main realizations of the vowels are [i], [e̞], [ä], [o̞], [u]. Aronson describes their realizations as [i̞], [e̞], [ä] (but "slightly fronted"), [o̞], [u̞]. Shosted transcribed one speaker's pronunciation more-or-less consistently with [i], [ɛ], [ɑ], [ɔ], [u]. Allophonically, [ə] may be inserted to break up consonant clusters, as in /dɡas/ [dəɡäs].
Prosody
Prosody in Georgian involves stress, intonation, and rhythm. Stress is very weak, and linguists disagree as to where stress occurs in words. Jun, Vicenik, and Lofstedt have proposed that Georgian stress and intonation are the result of pitch accentson the first syllable of a word and near the end of a phrase. According to Borise,Georgian has fixed initial word-level stress cued primarily by syllable duration and intensity of the initial syllable of a word.
Georgian has been written in a variety of scripts over its history. Currently the Mkhedruliscript is almost completely dominant; the others are used mostly in religious documents and architecture. Mkhedruli has 33 letters in common use; a half dozen more are obsolete in Georgian, though still used in other alphabets, like Mingrelian, Laz, and Svan....
Morphology
Georgian is an agglutinative language. Certain prefixes and suffixes can be joined together in order to build a verb. In some cases, one verb can have up to eight different morphemes in it at the same time. An example is ageshenebinat ("you (pl.) should have built (it)"). The verb can be broken down to parts: a-g-e-shen-eb-in-a-t. Each morpheme here contributes to the meaning of the verb tense or the person who has performed the verb. The verb conjugation also exhibits polypersonalism; a verb...
Syntax
1. Georgian is a left-branching language, in which adjectives precede nouns, possessors precede possessions, objects normally precede verbs, and postpositions are used instead of prepositions. 2. Each postposition (whether a suffix or a separate word) requires the modified noun to be in a specific case. This is similar to the way prepositions govern specific cases in many Indo-European languages such as German, Latin, or Russian. 3. Georgian is a pro-droplanguage; both subject and object pron...
Georgian has a rich word-derivation system. By using a root, and adding some definite prefixes and suffixes, one can derive many nouns and adjectives from the root. For example, from the root -kart-, the following words can be derived: Kartveli (a Georgian person), Kartuli (the Georgian language) and Sakartvelo(Georgia). Most Georgian surnames end ...
Word formations
Georgian has a word derivation system, which allows the derivation of nouns from verb roots both with prefixes and suffixes, for example: 1. From the root -ts'er- ("write"), the words ts'erili ("letter") and mts'erali("writer") are derived. 2. From the root -tsa- ("give"), the word gadatsema("broadcast") is derived. 3. From the root -tsda- ("try"), the word gamotsda("exam") is derived. 4. From the root -gav- ("resemble"), the words msgavsi ("similar") and msgavseba("similarity") are derived....
Words that begin with multiple consonants
In Georgian many nouns and adjectives begin with two or more contiguous consonants. This is because syllables in the language often begin with two consonants. Recordings are available on the relevant Wiktionary entries, linked to below. 1. Some examples of words that begin with two consonants are: 1.1. წყალი (ts'q'ali), "water" 1.2. სწორი (sts'ori), "correct" 1.3. რძე (rdze), "milk" 1.4. თმა (tma), "hair" 1.5. მთა (mta), "mountain" 1.6. ცხენი (tskheni), "horse" 2. Many words begin with three...
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rightsin Georgian and English: ყველა ადამიანი იბადება თავისუფალი და თანასწორი თავისი ღირსებითა და უფლებებით. მათ მინიჭებული აქვთ გონება და სინდისი და ერთმანეთის მიმართ უნდა იქცეოდნენ ძმობის სულისკვეთებით. Transliteration:q'vela adamiani ibadeba tavisupali da tanasts'ori tavisi ghirsebita da uplebebit....
Romanization of Georgian is the process of transliterating the Georgian language from the Georgian script into the Latin script.
Georgian LetterIpaNational System (2002)Bgn/pcgn (1981—2009)ა/ɑ/aaბ/b/bbგ/ɡ/ggდ/d/ddThe Latin or Roman script is a writing system used to write many modern-day languages including English. It is the most used writing system in the world today. It is the official script for nearly all the languages of Western Europe and of some Eastern European languages.
Sizable capital letters with heavily emphasized contours grab attention from a distance. The ancient Georgian script began to be identified as majuscule only after capital letters were introduced to indicate titles and indentions. From time immemorial our ancestors have been committed to glorifying the Georgian language.
