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Chữ Nôm
- Vietnamese was historically written using chữ Nôm, a logographic script using Chinese characters (chữ Hán) to represent Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and some native Vietnamese words, together with many locally invented characters to represent other words.
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Texts in Vietnam were written using chữ Hán by the 10th century at the latest. Chữ Hán continued to be used as the official administrative script until the 19th century with the exception of two brief periods under the Hồ (1400–1407) and Tây Sơn (1778–1802) dynasties when chữ Nôm was promoted.
Although formal writing in Vietnam was done in classical Chinese until the early 20th century (except for two brief interludes), chữ Nôm was widely used between the 15th and 19th centuries by the Vietnamese cultured elite for popular works in the vernacular, many in verse.
- 13th century – 20th century
- Vietnamese
- Top-to-bottom, columns from right to left (traditional), Left-to-right (modern)
- Logographic
Quoc-ngu, writing system used for the Vietnamese language. Quoc-ngu was devised in the mid 17th century by Portuguese missionaries who modified the Roman alphabet with accents and signs to suit the particular consonants, vowels, and tones of Vietnamese. It was further modified by a French.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
HISTORY. From 207 BC to 939 AD, the rule of several Chinese dynasties had a profound influence on the Vietnamese culture and literature. As a result, the official Vietnamese language was written in Classical Chinese ( chữ Nho) before the development of native Vietnamese script ( chữ Nôm) and the adoption of the Latin alphabet ( Quốc ngữ) 2. CHỮ NHO
The Vietnamese alphabet (Vietnamese: chữ Quốc ngữ, lit. 'script of the National language') is the modern writing script for Vietnamese. It uses the Latin script based on Romance languages originally developed by Portuguese missionary Francisco de Pina (1585–1625).
Historically, Vietnamese literature was written by scholars using a combination of Chinese characters (Hán) and original Vietnamese characters (Nôm). From 111 BC up to the 20th century, Vietnamese literature was written in Văn ngôn using chữ Hán, and then also Nôm from the 13th century to 20th century.
Chữ Nôm is the Vietnamese writing system based on Chinese ideographs. Even though there is no known record of when it was created, chữ Nôm was well established by the eleventh century. Due to its complex use of Chinese characters to form Vietnamese phonemic values, chữ Nôm was difficult to learn.
