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- Ancient Greek phonology is the reconstructed phonology or pronunciation of Ancient Greek. This article mostly deals with the pronunciation of the standard Attic dialect of the fifth century BC, used by Plato and other Classical Greek writers, and touches on other dialects spoken at the same time or earlier.
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Jan 16, 2024 · At the end of the Bronze Age, Greece entered the Dark Ages. Some three hundred years later, Greece then entered the Archaic era. Over the course of those centuries, the pronunciation of ancient Greek changed in various ways. One change was that Greek lost its labialized velar consonants.
Ancient Greek phonology is the reconstructed phonology or pronunciation of Ancient Greek. This article mostly deals with the pronunciation of the standard Attic dialect of the fifth century BC, used by Plato and other Classical Greek writers, and touches on other dialects spoken at the same time or earlier.
- θέσις, τάσις, δασύς "putting, stretching, hairy"
- χώρα, κόρη, ἀγορά "country, girl, assembly"
- ἔφη, ἔπη, ἔβη "he said, words, he stepped"
- Pronunciation Guide
- INTRODUCTION
- MODERN GREEK PRONUNCIATION
- ERASMIAN PRONUNCIATION
- BUTH KOINE PRONUNCIATION
- RESTORED CLASSICAL 5th CENTURY BC ATTIC PRONUNCIATION
- LUCIAN PRONUNCIATION OF ANCIENT GREEK
- QUANTITY & QUALITY
- VOWELS
- IPA
- Diphthongs
- The Aspirate
- Synaloephe: Vowel Junctions Between Words
- Consonants
- Choosing A Variant
- CONCLUSION
- Τhe Gospel of John
- Grammarians and other ancient authors
- Standard Lucian Pronunciation and Variants
and discourse on the inherent challenges of establishing a single Ancient Greek pronunciation system with detailed explanation of the
The Ancient Greek language presents many obstacles to the non-Greek learner due to unfamiliar grammar, vocabulary, and alphabet. And for those who wish to learn to speak Ancient Greek, another forest must be traversed: the question of “correct” pronunciation. Indeed, “correctness” is in many ways just in the eye of the beholder, as I shall examine...
Modern Greek speakers, whether native or associated with the Greek Orthodox Church, use the traditional pronunciation of Greece which treats the letters of Ancient Greek as they are sounded in the Modern Greek language. And clearly this has had utility for many centuries. Why would we be motivated, then, not to use the pronunciation of actual Gre...
Erasmian Pronunciation refers to a hodgepodge of systems used with varying consistency in diferent countries outside of Greece. Named after Erasmus of Rotterdam, who in the 16th century hypothesized about the nature of the sound of Ancient Greek and how it must have difered from the natively Greek spoken in his own time, is the eponymous source of...
The illustrious Dr. Randall Buth has proposed a compromise in his Buth Koine Pronunciation of Greek (Buth 2012). You can hear examples of Buth Koine recited by fluent speaker and wonderful Hellenist Ben Kantor at his KoineGreek.com website and YouTube channel. This system resolves some of the above complaints about Erasmian. Based on copious exe...
Another standard to mention is the seldom-employed but highly venerable reconstructed 5th century BC Classical Attic Pronunciation, which enjoys advocates like Ioannis Stratakis on his Podium-Arts YouTube channel. I myself at one time used 5cBC Classical Attic Pronunciation exclusively. While this pronunciation is certainly viable for much of the...
As I have suggested up to this point, Lucian Pronunciation satisfies all factors in the quadrivium. In this section, I will provide you with a detailed pronunciation guide, as well as explain many of the historically attested changes of Ancient Greek pronunciation through the centuries. If you would like a video summary of the below, I recommend ...
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols will be used extensively to indicate phonemes. If you are unfamiliar with these symbols and would like to learn more, you can copy and paste them into Google or directly into Wikipedia to hear them pronounced. Two useful linguistic terms are quantity and quality. Quantity is the duration of a vowel, co...
Most Lucian Pronunciation vowel qualities are the same as in Modern Greek: letter α ε ι ο
/a/ /eK / /i/ /oK/ example word ἄρτι J ἔχω J ἴσως J ὄψις J Ancient Greek also has the sound: υ /y/ λύκος Lucian Pronunciation retains the phonemic distinction between short and long vowels. The long vowels have the same quality as the short vowels, but they have a longer duration: ᾱ /aː/ η /eKː/ ει /iː/ ῑ /iː/ ω /oKː/ ου /uː/ ῡ...
Lucian Pronunciation also has two true diphthongs: αι /aeK / κόραιJ οι /øKy/ οἴμοιJ You can think of the former as a transition between /a/ and /e/, exactly as it is in Classical Latin. The latter is a transition from /øK/ to /y/. Just as /y/ is the rounded version of /i/, /øK/ is the rounded version of /eK/. Note that diphthongs are cons...
The “aspirate” is the name for the sound of English ‘h’, /h/. As in my pronunciation of Classical Latin, I frequently pronounce this sound in hiatus, that is, when it occurs after a pause, such as at the beginning of a phrase. However, this sound will tend to go silent with a continuously enunciated phrase, such as in: Ὁ στρατιώτης τὸ αἷμα βλέπει...
In Latin, all final vowels that occur before a word that starts with a vowel, such as multum ille (final -m in Latin is not a true consonant, but the nasalization of the preceding vowel, thus Latin final -am, -em, -im, and -um all behave as vowels in front of other vowels) are blended into the vowel of the following syllable. The situation is a bit...
As in Modern Greek, σ and ζ are retracted since Greek of all periods lacks a post-alveolar fricative, the /ʃ/ sound as the English word “she.” (This is also true of Classical Latin.) σ /sB~zB/ συκίζω J ζ /zBː/ ζητεῖσ If your language contains both /s/ and /ʃ/, as in English or Italian, you can find this sound by either retracting your tongu...
I support experimentation with the stated variants of Lucian Pronunciation, while adding the caveat that certain sounds evolved together, so mix heedlessly at your own peril! For example, the change of φ from aspirate /ph/ to voiceless labiodental fricative /f/ took place at the same time as β finally became voiced labiodental fricative /v/ and αυ...
I hope this rather lengthy pronunciation guide has been interesting! You may of course elect to use completely diferent pronunciations from what I model, and I think that’s just fine. It’s definitely more important to study Latin and Ancient Greek in the first place, rather than become subsumed by phonological systems. Nevertheless, based on the ...
( https://luke-ranieri.myshopify.com/collections/frontpage/products/gospel-of-john-english-latin-greek-trilingual-audiobook-text ) REFERENCES
Hērodotus, Platō, Aristotelēs, Stratōn, Dionysius Thrāx, Apollōnius Dyscolus 2cAD, Plutarchus, M. Terentius Varrō, M. Tullius Cicerō, M. Fābius Quīntiliānus, Velius Longus, A. Gellius, Flāvius Caper, C. Mārius Victōrīnus, Aelius Dōnātus, Augustīnus Hippōnēnsis, Pompeius, Prisciānus Caesariēnsis, Maurus Servius Honōrātus.
The columns astride the central Standard Lucian do not necessarily represent a coherent system; see the above video and Ranieri’s Greek Pronunciation Chronology Spreadsheet for integrating conservative or innovative variants.
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Three terms are used to designate long periods in the history of the Greek Language: Hellenic, Hellenistic, and Byzantine. “ Hellenic ” refers to the same period as “Classical Greek.”. It is the time of Homer and later the great Greek philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. “ Hellenistic ” refers to the period after Alexander ...
The Greek language underwent pronunciation changes during the Koine Greek period, from about 300 BC to 400 AD. At the beginning of the period, the pronunciation was close to Classical Greek, while at the end it was almost identical to Modern Greek.
initiated within the Classical Greek period and prevailed through the centuries over all other peripheral pronunciations and evolved first into Hellenistic Κοινή “Koine,” and subsequently into what it is today. Neohellenic therefore preserves the still-living historical Greek sounds with a pronunciation that is not theoretical or
