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Standard Chinese (simplified Chinese: 现代标准汉语; traditional Chinese: 現代標準漢語; pinyin: Xiàndài biāozhǔn hànyǔ; lit. 'modern standard Han speech') is a modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese that was first codified during the republican era (1912‒1949).
- Signed Chinese
Standard Chinese is the official language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of the four official languages of Singapore. It is also used as one of the official languages of the United Nations.
- 920 million (2017), L2 speakers: 200 million (no date)
- most of Northern and Southwestern China (see also Standard Chinese)
- Background
- Ming and Qing Dynasties
- Republican Era
- People's Republic
The Chinese language has always consisted of a wide variety of dialects; hence prestige dialects and linguae francae have always been needed. Confucius (c.551 – c.479 BC) referred to yayan 'elegant speech' modeled on the dialect of the Zhou dynasty royal lands rather than regional dialects; texts authored during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) al...
The Ming (1368–1644) and Qing dynasties (1644–1912) began to use the term Guanhua (官話) 'official speech' to refer to the dialect used at the courts. It seems that during the early part of this period, the standard was based on the Nanjing dialect, but later the Beijing dialectbecame increasingly influential, despite the mix of officials and commone...
After the Republic of China was established in 1912, there was more success in promoting a common national language. A Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation was convened with delegates from the entire country, who were chosen based as often on political considerations as often as on linguistic expertise. The conference deadlocked between p...
The government of the People's Republic of China, established in 1949, continued the effort. In 1955, Guoyu was renamed Putonghua (普通話 'common speech'. The Republic of China on Taiwan continues to refer to Standard Chinese as Guoyu. Since then, the standards used in mainland Chinaand Taiwan have diverged somewhat, though they continue to remain ess...
Learn Chinese Pronunciation and Pinyin - Standard Mandarin. iPad/iPhone App. Features. All Pinyin Sounds. Hear any pinyin sound to learn the correct pronunciation. Anatomy. Includes comprehensive drawings and animations of the anatomy involved in producing the Chinese sounds. Pronunciation Guide.
Standard Chinese is a modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese that was first codified during the republican era (1912‒1949). It is designated as the official language of mainland China and a major language in the United Nations, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is largely based on the Beijing dialect.
Oct 5, 2013 · First lets have a look at how Standard Chinese fits into a bigger picture of Chinese languages. In summary it looks something like this: Sino-Tibetan languages. Sinitic languages. Han languages. Written vernacular Chinese → Standard Chinese grammar; Mandarin languages → Standard Chinese vocabulary; Beijing Mandarin → Standard Chinese ...
Modern Standard Chinese. (. Mandarin. ) The pronunciation of Modern Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect, which is of the Northern, or Mandarin, type. It employs about 1,300 different syllables. There are 22 initial consonants, including stops (made with momentary, complete closure in the vocal tract), affricates (beginning as stops ...
